Chapter 6: The South and West Transformed Section 2: Westward Expansion & the American Indian
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Transcript of Chapter 6: The South and West Transformed Section 2: Westward Expansion & the American Indian
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CHAPTER 6: THE SOUTH AND WEST TRANSFORMEDSECTION 2: WESTWARD EXPANSION & THE AMERICAN
INDIAN
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Text Notes By the end of the Civil War, about 250,000
Indians lived in the region west of the Mississippi River. Referred to as “the great American desert”. Although, they were lumped together as Indians in the minds of most Americans. Native Americans embraced many different belief systems, languages, and ways of life.
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Bureau of Indian Affairs The gov’t agency
responsible for dealing with American Indian issues.
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Text Notes In the early 1800s, the gov’t carried out
a policy of moving Native Americans out of the way of white settlement. President Jackson moved the Cherokees off their land in Georgia. And unto the Great Plains. This land was thought to be uninhabitable.
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Reasons for Westward Expansion Manifest Destiny- belief that God
intended whites to settle west. Gold and silver discovered in Indian
territory. Americans wanted a railroad that
crossed the continent.
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Reservations Separate areas set
aside by the gov’t for the Indians.
By the late 1860s, Indians were placed here.
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Text Notes Two more staggering blows threatened
Native American civilization . White settlers introduced diseases to which Indians had no immunity, and the important buffalo herds were destroyed. In the 1870s, hunters slaughtered hundreds of buffalo in a single day.
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Sand Creek Massacre Cheyenne
surrendered here, only to be massacred by the army.
1864
Most were women and children
Americans outraged!
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John M. Chivington Colonial of the US
army at Sand Creek. He ordered the massacre.
“It is right and honorable to use any means under God’s heaven to kill Indians”
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Text Notes Once the Civil War ended, regiments of
Union troops- both white and African American- were sent to the west to subdue the Indians. Requirement posters promised Calvary could claim anything taken from the Indians. The federal gov’t felt this was necessary to maintain control.
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Sitting Bull A spiritual leader
and medicine man of the Sioux.
1831-1890
Had a dream
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The Fort Laramie Treaty1868
Sioux agreed to move their territory to the Black Hills.
Often Inidans drifted from reservations and gov’t didn’t hold up their end of the deal.
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Text Notes The conditions facing Native Americans
had all the ingredients for tragedy. Indians were confined to isolated and impoverished areas. Promises made to them were eventually broken. Frustration turned to violence. Guns replaced treaties and the gov’t crushed the rebellions.
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George Armstrong Custer 1839-1876 General of the
Army’s 7th Calvary district. Led his men into a deadly trap at Little Bighorn.
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Battle of Little Bighorn
Custer and his men were massacred by Sioux and Cheyenne.
1876
First major battle won by American Indians.
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Nez Perce A group in Oregon
that refused to surrender and tried to flee to Canada.
Made it 30m outside Canada.
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Chief Joseph Nez Perce leader. 1871-1904
“I am tried of fighting.our chief are killed…It is cold and we have no blankets.the little children are freezing to death”
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A Century of Dishonor 1881 A book written by
Helen Hunt Jackson criticizing the gov’t actions against American Indians
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Assimilation Many whites believed
that the only way for the American Indian to survive is if they were blended with America’s “White Society.”
Late 1800s
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Dawes General Allotment Act
1887 American Indian
families would receive a 160 acre lot for farming.
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Wovoka A Sioux religious
leader that led a religious movement.
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The Ghost Dance This would cause white settlers to vanish
Dead Indian ancestors to come back to life
and the buffalo to return.
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Massacre at Wounded Knee
December 29, 1890 300 Sioux and 30
soldiers were dead. Sioux were defenseless, but slaughtered.
Chief Big Foot
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Text Notes In 1868 the Gov’t admitted its failure and
granted the Navajo a reservation in New Mexico and Arizona. They rebuilt their communities and by the 1880’s their economies had stabilized.
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SECTION 3: TRANSFORMING
THE WEST
Chapter 6: The South & West Transformed
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Comstock Lode One of the world’s
richest silver veins. Over a 20 year
period it mined about 500 m. worth of precious metal.
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William Seward US Secretary of State
that purchased Alaska.
Less than 2 cents an acre
Many Americans considered it worthless calling it : Seward’s Icebox.
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Text Notes From the Sierra Nevada to the Black Hills,
there was a similar pattern to the development of mining regions. First came the discovery of gold or silver. Then, as word spread people began to pour into an area. The discovery of gold at Pikes Peak in Colorado are among the first.
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Life in Mining Communities Male residents Different
nationalities Crude and
uncomfortable No law enforcement Intense competition Violent
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Viligants Self appointed law enforcers who
punished law breakers. Late 1800s
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Saloons Owners had a
better chance than miners of striking it rich
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Text Notes The first western mining was done by
individuals, who extracted the minerals from the surface. By the 1870s, the reaming mineral wealth was located deep underground. Big companies with the capitol to buy mining equipment took over the industry.
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Hydraulic Mining Water shot at high
pressure ripped away gravel and dirt to expose the mineral beneath.
Devastated the environment.
Late 1800s
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Land Grants Gov’t provided land to private investors
to build railroad. Late 1800s
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Transcontinental Railroad A rail link between
the east and west coast.
US expected railroads to built by private enterprise.
1863-1869
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Affects of Railroads The nation was tied together by moving
products and people. Spurred industrial development. The growth of towns and cities were
stimulated.
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Text Notes During the Civil War, Republicans tried
to manage western development so that new western states would be free of slavery. They also wanted these areas to be populated by independent farmers who would improve the land.
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Joseph McCoy A cattleman from
Illinois. His vision transformed the West, sparking an economic boom.
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Texas Longhorn English cattle
interbred with Spanish cattle.
Hardy, able to travel long distances on little water.
Immune to Texas Fever
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Open Range The government
allowed cattle ranchers to use public lands as free grazing land.
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Cowboys Workers who took care
of rancher’s cattle.
Pop-culture romanticized cowboy life, but it was difficult.
Many Confederate veterans, Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and African Americans
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Roundup Ranchers drove
cattle from open range to a central location.
ID by ranches brand.
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Long Drives To reach railroads,
cowboys herded as many as 3,000 cattle.
Moved form Texas to rail lines in Missouri and Kansas.
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Railhead A town located along a
railroad, where brokers bought cattle to ship east on railroad cars.
Cattle ranchers could now sell and ship cows.
Kansas: Abilene, Dodge City, and Wichita.
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Joseph Glidden A farmer who
invented barbed wire. A cheap fencing material.
1874
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CHAPTER 6: SOUTH & WEST
TRANSFORMED
Section 3: continued
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The End of The Cattle Boom Ranchers eager for large profits
crowded the open range with too many cattle.
Price crashed in 1885 as supply far exceeded demand.
Ranchers faced competition for the use of the open range b/c of barbed wire
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Text Notes Bad weather dealt the final blow to the
open range. On the Southern Plains a severe winter in 1885-86 and droughts in 1886 diminished many herds. The following year, terrible blizzards hammered the Northern Plains. On January 15, 1887, temperature reached 46 degrees below zero in some areas.
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Text Notes The great plains were the last part of the
country to be heavily settled by white people. It was originally set aside for Indians because it was thought to be too dry. Yet, with the coming of the transcontinental railroad, millions of farmers moved west.
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Moving WestThree Main Groups White Americans from the East. African Americans from the South Immigrants from other countries
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Homestead Act1862
Permitted any citizen to select any surveyed land up to 160 acres. If a family lived there 5 years and improved the land, then they would get the title.
Eventually, some 400,000 families took this offer.
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Exodusters African American
settlers who moved West.
1879-1880
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Scarce Resources Water Trees
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Sod Houses Buildings made
from chunks cut from the heavy topsoil that were stacked like bricks.
Damp
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Text Notes Farm families on the plains faced many
problems. Sod houses were well insulated, windproof, and fireproof. However, they were damp and dirty. The roofs leaked and sometime even collapsed in rainey weather.
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Department of Agriculture Helped farmers
adapt to their new environment.
1862
Taught dry farming
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Harsh Weather The climate of the Great Plains created
hardships for families. Winter on the plains often brought
blizzards. Summer heat was also very fierce.
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The Morrill Act1862
Granted more than 17 million acres of land to states to develop agricultural colleges.
Led to the founding of over 70 universities.
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Oklahoma Territory April 22, 1869 Territory was opened to
homesteaders When the signal was
given they charged in to stake their claim.
They found that most of the good land had been taken by the “sooners” who got there early.