Chapter 6 The Human Organism and the Importance of Nutrition Topics: Nutrition and Nutrients: the...

Chapter 6The Human Organism and

the Importance of NutritionTopics:

Nutrition and Nutrients: the Digestive SystemRespiration and Energy: Respiratory System

Transporting Nutrients: The Cardiovascular systemFighting Disease: The Lymphatic System

Elimination of Waste: The Urinary System

Nutrition

What it is and how to balance it

Nutrients

• A nutrient is a substance found in food that is used by the body to meet important needs

• In other words, it’s the stuff in food that we need.

• Some nutrients give us

• Some nutrients are useful in other ways.

6 components to nutrition

• 1. Carbs (carbohydrates)

• 2. Protein• 3. Fats (lipids)

• 4. Vitamins• 5. Minerals• 6. Water

Carbs (carbohydrates) • For energy • Carbs (carbohydrate) go

by many names– Sugar or starch

• Simple sugars• complex carbohydrates, like

starch, glycogen and cellulose

– Starch sources: grains, pasta potatoes

– Sources of sugar: nearly everything!!!

Protein

• builds and maintains body tissue– creates all the structures of our bodies

• hair, muscles, fingernails

• Not all proteins are alike. – Proteins are made up of amino acids.

Protein

• Essential Amino acids are a fundamental part of our diet. – 10 of the 20 amino acids are made by the human body– The other 10 cannot and must be eaten. – ***These other ten are "essential amino acids"

• They can easily be provided by a balanced diet.***

• Protein as Energy source– Inefficient use of protein because– It must be used immediately or– the body converts protein to fat

Fats (lipids=fats, oil, waxes, sterols)

• Contain twice the energy per gram as either carbs or protein.

• Important for getting your vitamins– Vitamins A, D, E and K require fats– You must eat fats along with these

vitamins for your body to absorb them

• They are “fat soluble” ( as opposed to water soluble)

Fats• In our body Fats are used for

Energy Storage– Excess carbs and glucose are

converted to fats.

• Fat is also needed to: – cushion all organs– insulate against heat loss.

• Fat becomes harmful in excess!– Stresses bones, muscles, heart and

emotions

Cholesterol• Cholesterol is a type of fat that is

found in most animals• It is needed for many processes,

including:– Maintaining cell membrane flexibility– Making hormones

• Cholesterol is:– Present in animal based foods – Not present in plant based foods

• Your liver produces all you need• You don’t need to eat any extra!

Too much cholesterol can clog up your

arteries!

Cholesterol is found in fatty

meat

Vitamins and Minerals

• Both are substances needed in tiny amounts for metabolic processes– Minerals are inorganic– Digesting food,

building/repairing tissue, transporting materials etc

• Are you getting enough?– Marked on food labels as %

DV• Percentage daily value

Vitamins and minerals

• Are you getting enough?– carefully plan your diet to

include:• dairy foods, veggies, meats and

fortified foods– Fortified = vitamins/minerals

added (ie. Iodine in salt, vitamin D in milk etc.)

– Or take a multivitamin that supplement your diet.

• Does not replace a healthy diet

Focus Vitamins and minerals

• Tough vits and mins to get enough of in your diet.• Calcium

– What It Does• Keeps bones and teeth healthy• Helps nerves function• Regulates your heartbeat• Needed to make blood clot

– Where you get it• Dark leafy greens, beans, dairy


• Vitamin D– What it does

• forms bones and teeth• Helps immune function

– Where to get it• Sun bathing• Vitamin D fortified milk• Salmon with bones/Sardines• Eggs and egg substitutes

Focus on Vitamins and Minerals

• Vitamin CVitamin C– What does it do?What does it do?

• Heals wounds and broken bonesHeals wounds and broken bones– Smokers should take 175% DVSmokers should take 175% DV

• Improves immunityImproves immunity

– Where do I get it?Where do I get it?• Fruits (esp. citrus), broccoli, cabbageFruits (esp. citrus), broccoli, cabbage

Arrrghh!If you don’t get any

vitamin C, you could get SCURVEY!

Then your teeth might fall out!


• Vitamin B12

– What it do• Helps absorb food• Helps nervous system

– Memory• Keeps blood cells healthy

– Where you get it• Liver

– Meat in general• Milk• Fortified cereals

Energy from Food• The amount of energy in food can be measured

in:• Dietary Calories (Cal)

– technically, a capital “C” dietary calorie is a kilocalorie, 1000 small “c” physical calories, but we will use the common approach and just call them Calories.

• or Kilojoules (kJ)– One kJ = 4.19 Cal– So, if you know how many Calories a food has, just

multiply by 4 to find its approximate kilojoules.

Why two different measures?

• In Canada we are supposed to use kilojoules, in accordance with international standards

• In the United States they mostly use Calories, so lots of our textbooks and cookbooks list food energy in Calories.

Energy from food

• Only three of the six parts of your diet give you energy– Carbohydrates

• 4 cal/g

– Proteins• 4 cal/g

– Fats• 9 cal/g

Energy needs• You need energy for everything

your body does and even for your mind’s thoughts!

• The basic energy requirements are keep your heart, brain and other organs going.

• In addition any exercise you do requires energy based on – Intensity of activity– Your body mass

Energy in = Energy out?• The amount of energy we get from food

should be equal to the amount of energy that we use.

• If we get less energy from our food, we begin to starve.

• If we get more energy from our food than we use, then our body stores the extra energy as fat.

Energy

In other words…

• If you use up 2000 Calories (8000 kJ) in a day by your activities…

• Then you should eat food containing about 2000 Calories (8000 kJ) in order to replace your energy

How much do you need

• Varies with age and sex– Adolescent girl : 1800-2400 Cal (7200-9600 kJ)

– Adolescent boy: 2200-3200 Cal (8800-12800kJ)

Everything is related to nutrition

What you eat, exercise, how well you care for yourself.

What do you think this diagram means?

Another pyramid: the food pyramid• Eat only a little of the stuff

on top: Sweets and carbohydrates

• Eat a bit more meat and dairy

• Eat even more fruit and vegetables

• Eat mostly foods with lots of grain and fibre, like bread, cereal, rice and

Eat…

• Lots of grain and fibre-rich food.• Quite a bit of fruit and vegetables.• Some meat and dairy.• Just a little bit of dessert.

Filling in the Calories Used TableActivity # hours Cal /h Calories used Kilojoules

Sleeping, Lying down 60

Sitting, Watching TV 90

Standing 120

Light Exercise 170

Sports, Heavy Exercise 300

TOTAL

8 h10 h2 h3 h1 h

4809002405103002430

19203600960204012009720

Conclusion : Yesterday I used approximately 2430 calories of energy (or about 9720 kilojoules)

Food(Breakfast)

Servings eaten

Calories per serving

Calories consumed

Kilojoules consumed

TOTAL

Cereal / Milk

Toast / butter

EggBacon

1213

110657535

11013075115

440520300460

430 1720

Exercises and Assignments

• Text Book• Read pp. 159 to 166• Do page 194, question #1 to 3

• Workbook• Do pages 89, 90, 91 and 92

The Digestive System-a one way tube through the body

Topics:Digestive Tract vs. Glands•Digestion and absorption

•The organs of the tube

Two Main Parts of Digestive System• I. The Digestive Tract

• 1) Mouth Ingests and chews food• 2) Pharynx Forms food into a bolus & swallows• 3) Esophagus Carries food to the stomach• 4) Stomach Churns food into chyme• 5) Small Intestine Absorbs nutrients from food• 6) Large Intestine Absorbs water from waste• 7) Rectum & Anus Eliminate waste food solids

• II. The Digestive Glands• A) Salivary Glands Secrete saliva• B) Gastric Glands Secrete stomach acid, mucus and pepsin• C) Liver (with gall bladder) Secretes bile• D) Pancreas Secretes pancreatic juice• E) Intestinal Glands Secretes digestive enzymes & mucus

Digestion• Your digestive system

digests two ways– Chemically

• Acids and enzymes react with foods to release their nutrients

– Physically/Mechanically• Food is smooshed, torn and

broken down into smaller pieces to releases nutrients

Absorption• After food has been

digested– Nutrients from food leave

your digestive tract– And are absorbed into

your blood

The Mouth

(AKA:oral cavity)

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

(duodenum)

(jejunum)

(ileum)

Large intestine

(Ascending colon)

(Transverse colon)

(Descending colon)

(Sigmoid colon)

Rectum

Anus

Salivary glands (saliva)

Gastric glands (stomach lining) (digestive juices) (acid & enzymes)

Liver (bile)

Gall Bladder (bile storage)

Pancreas (pancreatic juice)

Intestinal Glands

Appendix (no function)

DigestiveTract

Associated Glands & organs

Pepsin

Acid

Amylase

BilePancreatic

Juice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4 5

5

66

7

7

A

A

7b

7b

B

BC

C

D

D

E

*

*

mucus

Pharynx

Organs of the tube:1. Mouth

• Mechanical digestion (physical breakdown)– Teeth

• Chemical digestion (digestive enzymes)– Saliva

• Under control of nervous system• Contains:

Lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)Amylase (breaks down starch)

Teeth

Palate

Uvula

Tongue

Salivary GlandSalivary Gland

2. The Pharynx• The pharynx is your throat. It

determines whether we are breathing or swallowing

• We can’t do both at the same time

• A small muscular flaps, the uvula and the epiglotis control this.

• When we are breathing, they open a passage from our nose to our lungs.

• When we swallow, they close off the lungs, and force the food into our esophagus

Air

Food

UvulaEpiglottis

3. Esophagus• Tube that pushes bolus from

the mouth to the stomach– bolus = food clump– The pushing is done by

Peristalsis (click on word for animation)

• wave of muscle contractions

– Peristalsis pushes our food through the entire digestive system

• Heartburn is stomach acid burning the bottom of the esophagus

• Tube that pushes bolus from the mouth to the stomach– bolus = food clump– The pushing is done by

Peristalsis (click on word for animation)

• wave of muscle contractions

– Peristalsis pushes our food through the entire digestive system

• Heartburn is stomach acid burning the bottom of the esophagus

4. The Stomach• Mechanical digestion in the stomach:

– Stomach muscles churn to produce chyme• Chyme is mushed up food in stomach

• Chemical Digestion in the stomach:– Gastric glands in the stomach lining secrete mucus and

hydrochloric acid. Acid also activates release of pepsin• Ulcers :

– Painful hole in stomach caused by excess acid or bacteria

5. The Small Intestine• Starts right after the stomach• Many enzymes and chemicals break down food

– Enzymes and chemicals are injected from the pancreas and liver

• ABSORBS nutrients.– Small intestine is lined w/villi (tiny projections) covered

w/microvilli• Peristalsis pushes bolus along to large intestine

The Pancreas (a Gland)• Pancreas – gland just below the stomach

– Pancreatic juice neutralizes stomach acid• Works like “baking soda” to get rid of excess acid.

– Produces enzymes (like amylase) that break down macromolecules

– The Pancreas also releases insulin into blood.

The Liver (a Gland)• Liver – large organ just above the stomach

– Produces bile (breaks down fat)– Also vital for removal of toxins from body

6. The Large Intestine• Recovers water (absorbs it back into the blood)

• Forms and stores feces (waste)• Microbial fermentation to digest indigestible foods

(cellulose/wood)• Pushes waste to rectum by peristalsis

7. The Rectum

• The rectum holds feces until they leave the anus

• The anus is a sphincter muscle– When you go #2 the

sphincter relaxes– When you hold it, the

sphincter contracts• Peristalsis pushes feces out of

your body

Rectum

Anus

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

(colon)

Large intestine

Organs of the Digestive Tractmajor organs are numbered, connections are not

Digestive Tract organ connection Function connects– 1. Mouth mechanical digestion– 2. Pharynx Epiglottis mouth esophagus

– 3. Esophagus moves food bolusCardiac sphincter

esophagus stomach– 4. Stomach digestion

Pyloric valve stomach small intestine

– 5. Small intestine digestionabsorbs nutrients !

Cecum small intestine large

– 6. Large intestine absorbs water– 7. Rectum holds feces until released.

Anal sphincterRectumoutside

Intestines

Stomach

Glands of the Digestive System

• What the glands & organs secrete:– Salivary glands amylase digests starch

(in mouth) lysozyme kills bacteria– Gastric Glands acid dissolves foods

(in stomach lining) pepsin digests proteinmucus protects stomach

– Liver & gall bladder bile digests fats– Pancreas pancreatic neutralizes acid

juice helps digest fats & carbs

insulin absorbs carbs into bloodinto blood

Mouth

Exercises and Assignments

• Text Book• Read pages 167 to 171• Do Questions 4 and 5 on pages 194 to 195

• Workbook• Do 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98

The Respiratory SystemTopics:

•Respiration?•Parts of the resp sys

•Breathing

Respiratory System

• Respiration is the process by which we get from nutrients.

• Carbs, Fats and Proteins can provide us with energy if they are OXIDIZED by mitochondria or our cells.

• To oxidize these nutrients, we need• Getting this oxygen into our blood is the job of

the respiratory system.

What is Respiration?• Respiration is…

– A) the process by which food is oxidized– B) the Process where Oxygen (O2) is

exchanged for Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

• Respiratory system consists of: • Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,

bronchioles, lungs, ALVEOLI

1. Nasal Passages. They filter the air with hairs, and they warm and moisten the air with mucus.

Nose

Parts of the Respiratory System

Mouth

PharynxNasal Passage

Parts of the Respiratory System• 2. Pharynx = passage way to the trachea

(windpipe) and to the esophagus.• Epiglottis = door that opens/closes trachea• The pharynx is a crossing point between digestive and respiratory systems

PharynxLarynx

EpiglottisMouth

Nose

• 3. Larynx = vocal cords sit at top of trachea. They carry air and produce sound (voice)

Pharynx

LarynxTrachea

Epiglottis


Mouth

Nose

• 4. Trachea= AKA windpipe, tube that flows from larynx to bronchi. It further filters the air, and sweeps dirt upwards using hair-like cilia


TracheaMouth

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx

Lung

Epiglottis

• 5. Bronchi (sing. Bronchus) are two air passages into lungs. They split into many smaller bronchioles.

Mouth

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx

TracheaLung

Bronchus

Bronchioles

Edge ofpleural membrane

Diaphragm

Epiglottis

Capillaries

Alveoli

Bronchiole


Parts of the Respiratory System• 6. Lungs = Spongy, elastic organs in the ribcage.

• Alvioli: inside the lungs are air sacs w/ capillaries that exchange O2 & CO2 (350 million of them)

• Alvioli are the FUNCTIONAL UNIT of resp. sys.

Mouth

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchioles

Edge ofpleural membrane

Diaphragm

Epiglottis

Capillaries

Alveoli

BronchioleLung

Gas Exchange

• In alveoli, O2 diffuses across capillaries and CO2 diffuses out– Inhale:

• 21% O2

• 0.04% CO2

– Exhale• 15% O2

• 4% CO2

Alveoli

Bronchiole

Capillary

How do we Breath?

• Diaphragm = muscle that pulls down & expand lungs

Air inhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage rises

Air exhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage descends

Inhalation Exhalation

How is breathing controlled?• The Brain Stem (AKA: medulla oblongata)

– controls breathing by detecting CO2 ( not O2).

– If blood is high in CO2, you breathe faster.

Assignments and Exercises

• Text Book• Read pages 172 to 176• Do Questions 7, 8 and 9 on page 195

• Workbook• Do pages 99, 100, 101 and 102

Blood and Lymph

Blood and lymph are two fluids that circulate though our bodies.

Each fluid has its own system of vessels to carry it from place to place.

BLOOD

Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets and Plasma

About Blood

45%

55%

• Blood is the only fluid tissue• It is red and viscous (thicker than water)• You have between 4 and 6 litres of blood

– Women have closer to four, men closer to 6• Blood is made of:

– Blood Plasma (the liquid part)– Formed elements (the more solid part) including:

• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes or RBCs)• White blood White blood cells (Leucocytes or WBCs)• Platelets

Blood can be separated with a Centrifuge

• The centrifuge spins a test tube of blood around.

• The heavy parts (RBCs) move to the bottom of the tube

• The light parts (blood plasma) go to the top of the tube

• Medium density parts (WBCs and platelets) end up in the middle of the test tube

Purposes of blood parts• The blood plasma carries dissolved nutrients

and/or waste materials• White blood cells (AKA: WBCs or leucocytes )

help fight infections.• We will look at WBCs in more detail when we study the

lymphatic system.

• Platelets help our blood to clot, to seal leaks in our blood vessels and start tissue repair.

• Red blood cells (AKA: RBCs or erythrocytes) carry oxygen to all parts of the body

Blood Types

• Uses of blood typing– Properties of blood help with:

• Paternity suits• Forensic science• Health problems

More on Erythrocytes (R.B.C.s)• RBCs contain antigens

– Which determine your blood type

• 4 main blood types:– A, B, AB and O

– There is another Substance (Rhesus) which is present in some people (the Rh factor)

• 2 minor blood types:– If you have Rh factor it you are +– If you don’t you are –

– Example blood types: • Mr Taylor is B+• Mr MacKechnie is O-

Other people can be:AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B- and O+

Total of 8 blood groups

Substance A only Substance B only

Both Substances No Substances

Substances on the surface of blood cells

The 8 Standard Blood Groupsdo not copy this chart. I will show you a faster way later

Blood Type % Antigens Antibodies Can give blood to Can receive blood from

AB+ 3% A, B, Rh None AB+ anybody

AB– 1% A, B Rh AB+, AB– A–, AB–, B–, O–

A+ 34% A, Rh B AB+, A+ A+, A– O+, O–

A– 6% A B, Rh AB+, AB–, A+, A– A–, O–

B+ 8% B, Rh A AB+, B+ B+, B–, O+, O–

B– 1% B A, Rh AB+, AB–,B+, B– B–, O–

O+ 40% Rh A, B AB+, B+, A+, O+ O+, O–

O– 7% none A, B, Rh anybody O–

The most common blood type in

North America is O+

The rarest blood types in North America are

AB- and B-

Immune System of the Blood

• Your immune system tries to destroy invading cells.

• It does this by producing chemicals called antibodies

• Usually this is a good thing. Invading cells often make us sick

• BUT… It may cause problems if you ever need a blood transfusion.

• You might produce antibodies against the blood cells you receive in a transfusion!

• A Type A person has Substance A (the A-antigen) on their blood cells

• A Type A person can also produce an “Anti-B” chemical called the “B-Antibody” which will destroy any blood cell that has Substance B (the B-antigen) on it.

“Attack of the Antibodies”• Chemical warfare of blood:

– Type A people produce anti-B chemicals that can destroy B-type blood cells

• AKA: B antibodies– Type B’s produce anti-A chemicals

• AKA: A antibodies– AB’s have no attack chemicals

• AKA: no antibodies– O’s have both anti-chemicals.

• AKA: A and B antibodies

• Each blood type is also Rh+ or Rh- (positive or negative)– Same system as blood types

• Rn positive has no Rh antibodies• Rh negative produces Rh antibodies

Blood Transfusion Rules

– Recipients:– Type A welcomes type A and type O

blood– B’s welcome in B and O blood– AB’s welcome all blood types– O’s reject all blood except for their own

type.– Donors:

– A’s can donate to A and AB types– B’s can donate to B and AB– AB’s donate to AB only– O’s can donate to all

– Rh factors– Positive can only donate to other

positives.– Negative can donate to both.

• Copy diagrams

Additionally:Anyone can donate blood to, or receive

blood from their own type

Transfusions…

• Antibodies present in the recipient must not match the antigens (blood type) of the donor.– Clumping will occur.

• Antibodies attach to matching antigens

Click on top picture and scroll down to the “Blood typing” section and show the agglutination animation on the left.

Click on picture at right and play the “Blood Typing” game.


• Text Book:• Read pages 177 to 181• Do questions 10, 11, and 12 on pages 195 and 196

• Workbook:• Do pages 103, 104, 105 and 106

The Cardiovascular SystemA.K.A: Circulatory System

Topics•the heart

•Circulation•blood vessels •blood types

Your Heart• The size of your fist

– Mostly muscle– 4 hollow chambers

• 2 Atria (plural of Atrium)– upper chambers

• 2 Ventricles– lower chambers

– Pericardium• protective sac around the heart

– Septum• wall separating heart’s

chambers

Left and Right sides of the heart• Most diagrams of the

heart show the left and right sides reversed

• This is deliberate! You are viewing the heart from in front, so what you see on the left is actually the right side.

RightSide

LeftSide

Blood Flow Through the Heart

• Blood flow is one way– Atria accept blood and pump

it into (load) ventricles• Atria are weak pumps

– Ventricles pump the blood out of the heart.

• Ventricles are stronger pumps

– Valves prevent back flow of blood

• Keep it going one way.

CV

CV

Diastole

Systole

Circulation: 2 types

• Pulmonary circulation– From heart to lungs

• CO2 leaves blood, O2 enters blood.

• Systemic circulation– Oxygen rich blood is

pumped to the whole body• Oxygen poor/ CO2 rich blood

is returned

• 2 sets of muscles fibers– Atrial and

ventrical

• Sinoatrial node in right atrium controls pace of heart– Natural

pacemaker

Heart Beat

• The Cardiovascular system is a closed system from arteries to capillaries and back through veins

• Arteries– From heart to tissues– Carry oxygenated blood (rich in oxygen)

• Except pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.– Arteries are thick walled.

• Because blood is under high pressure

ArteryArtery

Blood vessels

• Capillaries– Between arteries and veins– Gas and nutrient exchange– Capillaries are the

Functional units of circulatory system

Blood vessels

CapillariesCapillaries

Blood cells pass single Blood cells pass single file through capillariesfile through capillaries

• Veins– Carry blood back to the heart.– Carry deoxygenated blood (lots of CO2)

• Except pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated.

– Thin walled• Not much pressure.• Valves in the veins keep blood from

flowing backwards.

VeinVein

Blood vessels

Body movements help push blood through the veins

• Measured with a sphygmomanometer– (great bonus question)

• Systolic pressure– force felt when ventricles

contract• Diastolic pressure

– force felt when ventricles relax• Average blood pressure is

140/90– Average tap pressure is 3000!

Blood Pressure

• Atherosclerosis–fat deposits in arteries–Root cause of most

disorders, high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes.

Circulatory System Disorders

Circulatory System Responses• Your circulatory system has to respond to different

stimuli:• Example 1. When you exercise

– Your body needs more oxygen & nutrients– Your heartbeat increases to speed circulation– Some blood vessels expand, other close up

• Blood is directed towards organs that need it the most (like your muscles and lungs)

• Your respiratory system is stimulated so you breathe faster.• Blood is directed away from organs that are not exercising

(like your brain and parts of your digestive system.)

• Example 2: When you are hot– Blood flow is directed towards the skin– Capillaries in the skin open up, allowing heat to be

transferred to the skin. When you are hot, your skin often looks pinker because of this.

• Example 3: When you are cold– Blood flow is directed towards vital organs to keep

them warm.– Capillaries in the skin close to reduce heat loss.

When you are cold, you skin often looks pale.

• Example 4: When you are nervous or afraid…– Your adrenal glands produce adrenalin, which

stimulates your circulatory system– Your heartbeat and blood pressure increase, so you are

ready to react.

• Example 5: When you are bleeding…– Platelets in you blood start producing a stringy protien.– This stringy substance traps blood cells forming a clot,

that plugs the broken blood vessels.– A large clot on the surface becomes a scab, that covers

the wound and speeds up healing


• Text book:• Read pages 182 to 186• Do questions 13, 14 and 15 on page 196

• Workbook:• Do pages 107, 108, 109 and 110

• A network of vessels that:1. Removes extracellular fluid

and returns it to the Cardiovascular system.

2. Absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from intestines

3. Is home to many immune cells, including White Blood Cells.

Lymphatic System

Extracellular fluid is a clear liquid

that surrounds our cells.

WBCs are actually made in the bone marrow, but

are stored in the lymphatic system.

• The lymphatic system “parallels” the cardiovascular system.

• Its set of vessels, called lymph ducts, are similar to veins and capillaries.

• It has nodes, small organs which filter lymph, and where WBCs fight infections.

Tonsils(large nodes)

Vein

Nodes(armpit)

Bone marrow

Nodes

Lymphducts

Lymphducts

Nodes

Thymus

Spleen

Intestines

Lymphatic system (cont)• Lymph

– The yellowish fluid of the lymphatic system– You have 1 or 2 litres of lymph in your body– Contains: lots of fat, fluid, proteins, immune

cells and wastes.

• Lymph nodes…– Filter lymph– Location of WBC activity.

White Blood Cells (WBCs / Leucocytes) and the Immune System

• 99.8% of our blood cells are Red Blood Cells that help carry oxygen.

• 0.2% are White Blood Cells (WBC) that fight infection.

• Although WBCs are found in the blood, they are more concentrated in the lymphatic system

• Most blood cells come from bone marrow.• WBCs “eat” invading bacteria and viruses

(phagocytosis)

• They can also kill infected cells by triggeringtheir “self destruct sequence”

(apoptosis)

• White blood cells (AKA leukocytes)

– Attack intruders– #s increase with infection in body– Several varieties– Contain nuclei– 1 WBC to 700 RBCs– Most live only a few days– Produced in white bone marrow

• White blood cells (AKA leukocytes)

– Attack intruders– #s increase with infection in body– Several varieties– Contain nuclei– 1 WBC to 700 RBCs– Most live only a few days– Produced in white bone marrow

White Blood Cells(Leucocytes)

Varieties of blood cells (FYI only)

Don’t Copy

RBCs WBCs Platelets

Platelets and Blood Clotting

• Platelets are Plasma proteins and cell fragments.

• Platelets make blood clot.– They stick to damaged blood

vessels– they release clotting factors

(coagulate blood)• Optional Information: • Calcium and vitamin K aid in creating

thrombin• Thrombin is an enzyme that converts

fibrinogen into sticky mass of fibrin (AKA a scab)


• Text book:• Read pages 187 to 190 (top)

• Workbook:• Do pages 111, 112, 113, 114

The Urinary System and the Elimination of Waste.

• Waste is eliminated in many ways in our body:• The digestive system excretes solid wastes that come from

our food.• The lungs eliminate CO2 and some other volatile wastes.

• The sweat glands help eliminate some dissolved wastes.

• But the most important system for eliminating dissolved or liquid wastes is the urinary system.

Excretion• Cells produce excess salt, CO2 and urea

– Skin excretes salt, water and a little urea– Lungs excrete CO2

– But it’s the Kidneys that filter out urea and other toxins

Dirty Blood In Clean Blood OutUrine

Water,urea,other

wastes, excess salt &

minerals

from Renal Artery through Renal Vein

through ureter to bladder

The Kidneys

• Kidneys are blood filters– Renal artery enters kidney– Cleaned blood leaves through renal vein– The toxins leave the kidneys through the ureter to the

urinary bladder

Renal A

rtery

Renal V

ein Ureter

Kidney

EnrichmentHow the Kidneys Work

• This section contains advanced material about how kidneys filter urea from our blood. If you aren’t interested in this, you can skip to:

• control of kidney function

Kidney Structure• Shown cut in ½, the outer part is the

renal cortex, inner is the renal medulla• Functional unit of the kidney is the

nephron– filters out toxins and nutrients then

reabsorbs only nutrients

The Nephron/Filtration• Steps:1st Artery, 2nd Bowman’s capsule,

3rd the loop of Henle and 4th Blood leaves Vein/Urine goes to bladder.

Nephrons are tiny, almost microscopic!

1. Artery carries blood to… 2. Bowman’s capsule

through the glomerulus.• Pressurized capillaries

remove or filter sugars, salts urea etc.

3. Collecting tube then passes filtrate on to the Loop of Henle.

• Amino acids, glucose and 99% of water is reabsorbed into the blood by capillaries.

4. Blood and waste separatea. Concentrated urine and

salts are then secreted through ureter

b. Blood leaves thru vein

1

2

3

a

b

4

Control of Kidney Function

• Controlled by composition of blood so… it’s important in Homeostasis of blood

– Maintains salt concentration, and pH

• Can you mess with your kidneys?– Coffee and alcohol are diuretics….

• They make your kidneys work harder.

– Diabetes and Heart Disease• Make your kidneys more susceptible.

– Excess Medications• Many medications contain toxic substances.• Too much medicine might hurt your kidneys.

Homeostasis means keeping everything in

balance.

Mechanized Homeostasis• Dialysis is what you need if your kidneys fail:

– blood is removed pumped through “hemodialyzer” filters (artificial kidneys) and replaced.

Summary Notes

• When we oxidize proteins, our cells produce a waste material called urea.

• We must excrete this excess urea, or it will become toxic.

• Our kidneys filter the urea from our blood, and excrete it as urine.

• If your kidneys fail, you might need dialysis


• Text Book: Read pages 190 to 193• Workbook: Do pages 115 to 116

Pathways of Nutrition

Air(oxygen)

DigestiveSystem

RespiratorySystem

CardiovascularSystem

Cells(Mitochondia)

UrinarySystem

O2 Nu

Nu

O 2

CO2 Ur RespiratorySystem

CO2

Ur

In

Food In Out

Out

Lymph

End of Chapter 6

• Pre-test Review• Re-read Chapter 6 (pp.159 to 193)

• If you have read this before, you can just skim this time, looking for the highlights. If you haven’t read this before, read it carefully!

• Workbook pages 117 to 120

• End of Chapter. Pre-test Review• Re-read Chapter 6 (pp.159 to 193)

• If you have read this before, you can just skim this time, looking for the highlights. If you haven’t read this before, read it carefully!

• Workbook pages 117 to 120• This reviews the whole chapter, from nutrition to

excretion, including:– Digestive system & nutrition– Cardiovascular System & blood– Respiratory system– Lymphatic System & lymph & immune cells– Urinary System & urine

Answers to Workbook page 117

• 1. a) cardiovascular system, b) lymphatic system, c) digestive system, d) respiratory system, e) urinary system

• 2. – Oxygen •– Cellular waste • from blood to cells– Carbon dioxide • from cells to

blood– Nutrients •

• 3– A) Respiratory, urinary, digestive system, skin(must give 2 of4) – B) Digestive system– C) Cardiovascular system (also accept circulatory system)– D) Lymphatic system (also accept immune system)

• 4.


Element Found in Blood Found in lymph

White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells Water Cell Waste Nutrients Platelets

Organs System

Lungs Respiratory SystemStomach Digestive SystemBladder Urinary SystemHeart Cardiovascular SystemVeins Cardiovascular SystemPancreas Digestive SystemKidneys Urinary SystemLymph nodes Lymphatic SystemPharynx Digestive and Respiratory Systems


• 6.

• 7. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, blood, extracellular liquid, cell• 8 a) it’s better to drink 3.25% whole milk (skim milk or 1% milk)

– b) We should eat at least two servings of fish every month . (week)– c) It is better to eat whole fruits and vegetables than juices . – d) You should always salt your food . (seldom)– e) food prepared with fats should be avoided – f) we should eat at least one green and one orange vegetable every day Although not required, I have shown why some answers are incorrect.

Substance Input System responsible for its introduction

Output System responsible for its elimination

Amino Acids Digestive

Oxygen Respiratory

Carbon dioxide Respiratory

Urine Urinary

Glucose Digestive


• 9. The function of oxygen is to produce energy by oxidizing nutrients from our food in the mitochondria of our cells. (The exact wording may vary, but it should have something to do with getting energy.)

• 10. Our body needs energy during physical exercise. When our cells produce energy they also release carbon dioxide. The concentration of this gas increases in our body. Be must therefore increase our respiratory rhythm to expel it.


• 11 a. The blue arrow represents the air passageb. The red arrow represents food passage.c.

d. #2 (the pharynx)e. the epiglottis (#4) closes the trachea when we swallow.

• 12 a. The esophagus is behind the tracheab. The trachea has cartilaginous ringsc. The trachea must be kept open so that we can breathe.


Number Structure number Structure

1 Nasal passages 4 Epiglottis2 Pharynx 5 Esophagus3 Larynx

Chapter 6 The Human Organism and the Importance of Nutrition Topics: Nutrition and Nutrients: the...

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