Chapter 6 The Classical Period: Directions, Diversities, and Declines by 500 CE Themes CE Cultural Exchanges China India Rome Main African Eurasian Trade Routes in the Classical Age Beyond the Classical Civilizations Although China, India, and the Mediterranean are the focuses of Classical development, significant changes were occurring in the rest of the world. Africa Japan Northern Europe The Americas Sub-Saharan Africa Egyptians BCE Nile River delta Kush (Sudan) Conquered Egypt (circa 750 BCE) Farming and trade Urban centered Axum ( Ethopia) Multicultural African, Jew, Greek, later Arab Prosperous port King Ezana conquered Kush, 300 BCE one of oldest continual monarchies in history (abolished 20 th century) Christianity flourished in isolation Kush Pyramids at Meroe One of Ezanas Obelisks (Stele) African Agriculture Spread southward Sahara less arid Slow to spread because of disease, dense vegetation, and few animals to domesticate Ghana First great trading state in West Africa Kingdom structure Villages with local rulers Kings ruled without law Economy and Trade Wealthy traders Agriculture Iron Gold Salt Developing Japan 200 CE Tribal groups/chiefs Agriculture,fishing, ironworking 400 CE writing (Korean scribes) Emergence of regional states Shintoism (700 CE) Worship political rulers Emperor as God Nature gods (rice) Influenced by China Northern Europe Significantly behind until 1000 CE Teutons Celts Loose kingdoms initially conquered by Rome No written vernacular languages Primitive agriculture Many individual pagan theologies Central America Olmec BCE No writing Monumental construction Cultivation of corn Teotihuacn BCE Replaces Olmec, builders unknown Maya CE Olmecs and Mayas in Central America Teotihuacn Inca and Polynesians Inca Peru, Bolivia Potato agriculture (terraces) Developed in total isolation Polynesians Giant ocean going canoes Fiji, Samoa 1000 BCE Hawaii 400 CE The Contributions of the Nomads Herder societies that pioneered overland trade routes Traders along the silk roads moved ideas, foods, and disease Technology stirrup,weaponry Invaders bring the classical period to an end Decline in China Han Dynasty, 100 CE - Internal corruption and collapse, decline in influence of Confucianism Social Unrest Threat from Asian nomads Revolt of the Yellow Turbans Daoist leaders Power shift from centralization to local rulers Introduction of Buddhism Dynastic Revival 6 th Century CE Sui Tang 618 CE Golden Age Restore faith in bureaucracy Revived Confucianism Unlike Rome, recovered from collapse Decline in India Indo-European Hun invasion overthrew Guptas Displaced by Roman expansion Less drastic than Han Central power of Guptas reverting back to provincial princes the Rajput Invading Huns integrated into warrior class Decline in India (cont) Culture continues to evolve Hinduism strengthens 600 CE arrival of Islam Decline of Sanskrit, rise of vernacular written language Tamil traders lose importance to Arabs The Decline of Rome Internal Instability, CE Civil Wars, Military Take Over, Assassinations 22 emperors Borders Threatened Germanic tribes North Persians to the East Inflation Scarcity of goods, value of money down Plague Labor shortage Reasons for the Fall Christianity Weakened militaristic values Brought down power of the patrician class Size/Diversity Too much territory, too many difference types of groups Lagging technology Slavery no need to develop technology Political instability The Late Empire New Government Structure Rigid Economic and Social reforms State religion Christianity Diocletian Divides empire in four manageable parts Increases military strength and spending Set prices and wages Created serfdom The Late Empire (cont) State religion Christianity Constantine Moved Roman capital to Byzantium Renamed it Constantinople Forced tolerance of Christianity d Barbarian Invasions: Lots and lots of arrows wandering over the map Dr. James Burns The Fall Roman empire splits in East and West Attacks on the Frontiers Germanic tribes Huns Persians Rome sacked 410 CE, Visigoths 455 CE, Vandals Emperors in power until 476. Romulus Augustulus deposed The Roman Empire Splits c. 500 CE Byzantium Byzantium emerges from the old Eastern Empire Stronger of two Empires older traditions of civilization. less pressure from barbarian invasions. more wealth more active trade Constantinople, end of the silk road. Justinian Remained powerful until Ottoman takeover The Rise of Christianity Began as a movement within Judaism Jesus of Nazareth Ritual was insignificant to inner transformation Behave morally and ethically. Viewed as revolutionary Crucified by Romans (circa. 30 CE) Apostles and the Early Church Leaders of the movement Jesus was sent to earth to save humans from sin transformation of Jesus from teacher to messiah People who accepted this would have salvation Oral tradition; then written between CE (The Gospels) First churches established by 100 CE Roman Development When Christians refused to worship state gods, it was declared illegal. Persecuted and executed through 2 nd century CE; crucifixion, Coliseum, exiled. Growing rapidly Gave meaning to life Similar to older religions Formed communities Attractive to all classes Edict of Milan 313 CE Constantine orders acceptance of Christianity Early Roman Catholicism Hierarchy in the Church Pope Evangelicalism Conversion Intolerance of competing faiths