Chapter 6: Small Marine Animals · The Ciliophora: • Largest group of protozoans • Freshwater...
Transcript of Chapter 6: Small Marine Animals · The Ciliophora: • Largest group of protozoans • Freshwater...
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Chapter 6: Small Marine Animals Zooplankton
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1. What is an animal? (Uni/multicellular? Auto/heterotrophic?)
2. How many species of animals are there on Earth?
3. How many species of animals are in the Earth’s Oceans?
4. In what kingdom do scientists place unicellular animal-like organisms?
DO NOW: What is an animal?(p141)
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Zooplankton
• Organisms that float and drift are considered part of the plankton population.
• Phytoplankton – similar to plants
• Zooplankton – similar to animals
• Zooplankton include both single- celled Protista & some multicellular animals such as jellyfish.
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Zooplankton
• Zooplankton are divided into 2 main groups:
1. Temporary zooplankton
2. Permanent zooplankton
1. Temporary: only spend larval stage as planktonic organisms.
2. Permanent: spend entire life cycle as planktonic organisms.
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Temporary Zooplankton
• Some animals are planktonic during their larval stages (early part of life).
• Some fish, crabs, sponges, lobsters, and clams.
• Once they mature they settle to the bottom of the ocean and develop into adults.
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Planktonic Organisms
Barnacle Larva
Shrimp Larva
Octopus Larva
Hermit Crab Larva
Sea Anemone Larva
Flatworm Larva
Sea Cucumber Larva
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Permanent Zooplankton
• Species that remain in the plankton population for their entire life cycle.
• Foraminifera, Copepods, Radiolaria
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Foraminifera
• A unicellular Protist.
• Encased in a shell made of calcium carbonate.
• Parts of their cytoplasm flows out through holes in the shell, and forms a sticky surface to catch food.
• The shells of dead Foraminifera can accumulate as a thick chalk substance on the ocean floor.
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Copepods
• Tiny shrimp-like animal that feeds on phytoplankton such as diatoms.
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Radiolaria
• A unicellular Protist.
• Has cell wall made of silica.
• Has long spikes for buoyancy and protection.
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• Whales are filter feeders that feed on large schools of krill.
• Mollusks (mussels and clams) depend on plankton as their main food source.
• Smaller fish feed on plankton until they are large enough to eat other organisms.
Plankton as a food source
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Protozoans
• Unicellular, animal-like organisms.
• Classified in the Protista kingdom
• Split up into 3 major groups: 1. Ciliophora
2.Zoomastigina
3.Sarcodina
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The Ciliophora:
• Largest group of protozoans
• Freshwater and saltwater species.
• They all have cilia: • The Spirostomum use cilia for locomotion.
• The Stylonychia use their cilia to crawl along substrates.
• The Vorticella live anchored to a substrate, they use the cilia for feeding.
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Zoomastigina
• They move through the water with a whip-like flagella.
• They live in freshwater, saltwater, and as parasites inside organisms.
• Members include the Euglena and Dinoflagellates. • both of which can take in and make their own food.
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Sarcodina:
• They live on the surface of substrates.
• Move by cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopods.
• moving pseudopods can engulf food particles.
• Includes the forams and radiolarians.
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• Sponges are multicellular marine animals.
• They are in the phylum Porifera.
• They can be found in the benthic zone from the intertidal zone to the bottom of the ocean.
Sponges
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Sponge sections
• Sponges have 2 layers of cells:
1. inner layer is called the endoderm
2. outer layer is called the ectoderm
• Between the two layers is the jelly-like mesenchyme.
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Sponge Anatomy
• Ostia = small pores.
• tiny food particles and plankton enter the sponge here.
• Osculum = large hole at top of sponge.
• water and waste exit here.
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Sponge Anatomy
• Collar cells = found inside the sponge.
• have flagella which beat back and forth to produce a current which pumps water through the sponge.
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• Digestion: Collar cells and cells called amebocytes (found in mesenchyme) trap and digest food.
• Respiration: Water flowing through the ostia brings in dissolved O2. CO2 diffuses out of sponge cells and leaves through the Osculum.
Sponge Life Processes
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• Responsiveness: Sponges lack a nervous system.
• They have muscle-like cells called myocytes. When these cells contract the ostia close preventing water (and dangerous substances) from getting in.
Sponge Life Processes
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• Euspongia (the bath sponge) lives in warm tropical waters.
• At one time this sponge was widely harvested.
• Cliona (the yellow boring sponge) grows on the shells of clams and other shellfish.
• It uses an acid to bore holes into shells and attach to them.
Types of Sponges
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• Euplectella (Venus’ flower basket) lives at great depths. It is a tubular sponge composed of a delicate network of glass spicules.
• Ircinia (vase sponge) is found on the sandy bottom near coral reefs.
Types of Sponges
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• Adult sponges release sperm and eggs into the water.
• The two combine to produce a fertilized egg cell called a zygote.
• Cell division occurs until there is a ball of cells called a morula.
Sponge Life Cycle
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• Rotifers are microscopic but are also multicellular.
Rotifers:
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• A microscopic, multicellular animal.
• It lives within a box shaped compartment made of calcium carbonate.
Bryozoans