Chapter 6 Section 2 Studying the Brain. The Hindbrain Includes the cerebellum, pons and the medulla...
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Transcript of Chapter 6 Section 2 Studying the Brain. The Hindbrain Includes the cerebellum, pons and the medulla...
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Chapter 6
Section 2 Studying the Brain
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The Hindbrain• Includes the cerebellum, pons and the medulla
• Cerebellum – part of the lower brain that coordinates and organizes bodily movements for balance and accuracy; sense of equilibrium; helps with posture
• Pons – bridge of fibers that connects the brain to the spinal cord; involved in producing chemicals the body needs for sleep
• Medulla – controls unconscious but vital functions like breathing, heart rate, blood flow, muscle tone, and reflexes
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Where are the medulla and pons?
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The Midbrain• The Reticular Activating System
• the alertness control center of the brain - Regulates how alert or how sleepy we are
• Nerve impulses from brain to body and vice versa pass through the RAS
• A major blow to the head causes such and overload of the RAS circuits that they shut off completely for a time causing unconsciousness
• It is quite sensitive to steady sounds – thus a slow and dull speech may put you to sleep
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The Forebrain - Thalamus
• functions primarily as a central relay station for incoming and outgoing messages from the body to the brain and the brain to the body
• where all sensory information (Except Smell) must pass to get to the Cerebral Cortex
• Integrates sensory input
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The Forebrain - Hypothalamus
• Why did I underline hypo?
• regulates basic needs (hunger, thirst) and emotions such as pleasure, fear, rage, and sexuality
• controls Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System
• regulates Survival - Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, Mating
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The Forebrain – Cerebral Cortex
• wrinkled outer layer of Cerebrum
• divided into lobes
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The Forebrain – Cerebrum
• largest and most complex part of Brain
• inner layer of forebrain
• responsible for most complex mental activities
• controls learning, remembering, thinking, and consciousness itself
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The Forebrain – Limbic System
• found in core of forebrain
• amygdala
• “the seat of emotion”
• primarily responsible for violent emotional responses - aggression, rage, and fear – and other emotions, pleasure
• helps with memory
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The Forebrain – Limbic System
• Hippocampus
• enables us to form memories
• Memories are not stored here but it is critical to assembling information from elsewhere in the brain
• Damage makes forming new memories impossible
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The Brain is divided into…
• Two hemispheres connected by the…
• corpus callosum
• a large bundle of nerve fibers that transfer information from one half of the cerebral cortex to the other
• Do you know what the “line” down the center is called?
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• What are lobes?
• They refer to the four major sections of the cerebral cortex
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The Frontal Lobe• contains the motor strip, prefrontal area,
and frontal association areas
• responsible for a number of very complex and fascinating functions –organization, planning, creative thinking, and personality
• Ability to “see” or to be aware of ourselves when we remember things we have done
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The Frontal Lobe• motor strip
• band running down the side of the frontal lobe that controls all bodily movements (called motor functions)
• Motor means relating to movement
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The Frontal Lobe• prefrontal lobe – enables us to re-experience
personal past events; lies just behind your forehead
• Used to come up with strategies or plans of action
• frontal association area – part of the frontal lobe that engages in elaborate associations or mental connections
• plays an important part in integrating personality and in forming complex thoughts
• forms the core of our personality
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The Parietal Lobe• behind the frontal lobe
• contains the sense of touch – location for touch perception
• sensory strip – band running down the side of the parietal lobe that registers and provides all sensation
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The Occipital Lobe• very back of the brain
• interprets visual information
• makes sense out of what you see
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The Temporal Lobe• responsible for hearing, memory, emotion
and some speech functions
• contains major centers for hearing
• some of the centers related to speech are also here
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Splitting the Brain
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between the
Corpus Callosum
Martin
M. R
oth
er
Courtesy of T
erence William
s, University of Iow
a
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How Psychologists Study the Brain
• Through recordings
• Electroencephalograph (EEG)
• Device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by attaching electrodes to the scalp
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by
electrodes placed on the scalp.
AJ P
hoto/ Photo R
esearchers, Inc.
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Lesions
• Brain lesions can be caused by injury, infection, exposure to certain chemicals, problems with the immune system
• May also occur after deliberately destroying pieces of the brain and observing the effects - Mostly done on Animals
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Brain Imaging• CAT or CT
• Computerized axial tomography
• scans are a series of x-rays of the skull taken from many different directions
• CAT scans generate cross-sections of the brain that show its structure in detail
• Computers measure the amount of radiation absorbed and transform this information into a 3-dimensional view of the brain
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CAT/CT Scans
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PET• Positron emission tomography
• first technique to capture brain activity
• can capture a picture of the brain as different parts are being used
• radiation, injected into the bloodstream, is absorbed in different amounts depending on the density of the brain tissue
• Scans measure emissions from radiation, producing 2- or 3-D images that reflect the amount of activity in various brain regions.
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PET Scan
PET (positron emission tomography)
Scan is a visual display of brain
activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the
brain performs a given task.
Courtesy of N
ational Brookhaven N
ational Laboratories
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MRI• Magnetic resonance imaging uses magnetic
fields and radio waves to produce highly detailed 2- or 3-D images of internal organs
• Combines features of both CT and PET scans
• Involves passing nonharmful radio frequencies through the brain
• A computer measures how these signals interact with brain cells and translates these signals into a detailed image of the brain
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MRI Scan
• Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue• Top images show ventricular enlargement in a schizophrenic patient• Bottom image shows brain regions when a participants lies
Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH
James Salzano/ Salzano Photo Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations
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fMRI• Functional magnetic resonance imaging
• special type of MRI that images changes in blood flow to specific areas of the brain as the subject performs a specific task
• FMRI scans provide both an anatomical and a functional view of the brain
• Used to directly observe both the functions and different structures of the brain and which structures participate in specific functions
• Provides high-resolution reports of neural activity based on signals that are determined by blood oxygen level
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Accidents• Psychologists try to draw a connection between
the damaged parts of the brain and a person’s behavior
• Who was Phineas Gage?
• In 1848 Phineas P. Gage, a railroad foreman was injured when dynamite sent a 4 foot tamping iron, weighing over 13 pounds, into Gage’s head right about the left eye and it exited through the top of the skull