Chapter 6 Respiration. Key Concepts acids alkaline reserve alveoli anatomical dead spaceanatomical...
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Transcript of Chapter 6 Respiration. Key Concepts acids alkaline reserve alveoli anatomical dead spaceanatomical...
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Chapter 6
Respiration
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Key Concepts
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• acids• alkaline reserv
e• alveoli• anatomical de
ad space• bases• Boyle’s law• buffer system
• coefficient of oxygen utilization
• diffusion gradient• exercise-induced asth
ma (EIA)• expiratory reserve volu
me• external respiration
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• functional residual capacity
• Gay-Lussac’s law• globin• heme• hemoglobin• Henry’s law• hyperventilation
• hypoventilation• inspiration phase• inspiratory capacity• inspiratory reserve
volume• internal respiration• law of partial
pressure
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• lung ventilation rate• oxygen cost of
breathing• oxygen dissociation
curve• oxygenation• residual volume• respiratory center
• second wind• stitch in the side• tidal volume• total lung capacity• ventilation
equivalent• vital capacity
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Review Questions
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What are the three functions of the respiratory system?
• External respiration or pulmonary ventilation– gas exchange in the lungs, in which the
blood in the lung capillaries takes up oxygen and gives up carbon dioxide
• Gas transport and distribution from the lungs to the tissues via the blood
• Internal or tissue respiration—gas exchange between the blood and cells
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Arrange the following in the correct sequence for air flow in external respiration.• Alveolar ducts
• Bronchioles• Glottis• Trachea• Lung• Terminal bronchioles• Nasopharynx• Nose• Alveoli• Respiratory bronchioles• Nasal cavity• Bronchi• Pharynx
1. Nose2. Nasal cavity3. Nasopharynx4. Glottis5. Pharynx6. Trachea7. Bronchi8. Lung9. Bronchioles10. Terminal bronchioles11. Respiratory bronchioles12. Alveolar ducts13. Alveoli
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For air to flow into the lungs
The pressure within must be lower thanatmospheric pressure.
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What is the respiratory cycle?
• Inspiration phase– Active phase
• Expiration phase– Passive phase
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Name four changes that occur during the inspiration phase.
• The diaphragm descends and the external and anterior internal intercostal muscles raise the ribs
• Volume of lungs increases• Pressure lowered within the lungs
(creates a pressure gradient)• Air moves into the lungs
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Name three changes that occur during the expiration cycle.
• The diaphragm and intercostals recoil to their resting length
• Recoil creates a higher-than-atmosphere pressure in the lungs
• Pressure gradient moves air out of the lungs
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What are the four primary lung volumes?
1. Tidal volume2. Inspiratory reserve volume3. Expiratory reserve volume4. Residual volume
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Do individuals with large lung volumes perform better during exercise?
In general, no. But it may make a difference to
elite athletes.
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What are the four lung capacities measured?
1. Total lung capacity2. Vital capacity3. Inspiratory capacity4. Functional residual
capacity
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Where in the brain is the respiratory center located?
Below the thalamus in the pons and medulla.
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How does the respiratory center receive information about oxygen demands?
• From neural input within the brain• From neural input from muscles and joints• From humoral input
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What is the ventilation equivalent?
• The number of liters of air breathed for every 100 ml of oxygen consumed.
• At rest, approximately 25.4 liters of air must be inspired for a person to consume 1 liter of oxygen.
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Why does the ventilation equivalent get higher when exercise intensity increases?
Lactic acid accumulates and acts upon therespiratory center through lowering the pH.
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As exercise intensity increases, what happens to the oxygen cost of breathing?
It increases disproportionately.
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What is the most likely explanation for second wind?
A change in skeletal muscular efficiency,such as might be brought about byincreasing muscle temperature
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What would be a good activity to recommend to an asthmatic?
• Swimming
A bad activity?
• Running
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In what situations can hyperventilation be good?
In competitive athletics where breath-holdingtime is a factor in performance. An examplewould be swimming the crawl stroke.
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Name four ways in which exposure to ozone affects athletic performance.
• Decreases distance running ability
• Reduces VO2 max
• Decreases maximum ventilation rate• Causes shallow rapid breathing during
submaximal exercise as well as a reduction in tidal volume
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What are some of the effects that endurance training has on respiration?
• Makes breathing more efficient• Reduces metabolic acidosis• Increases oxidative capacity of the
respiratory muscles• Decreases functional residual capacity• Decreases residual volume• Decreases the ratio of residual
volume/total lung capacity• Increases vital capacity
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What processes intervene between lung ventilation and tissue respiration?
• Diffusion of oxygen across the wall of the alveolus and the wall of the capillary
• Transport of oxygen in the blood to the capillary bed of the active muscles
• Diffusion of oxygen across the capillary wall to the active muscle fibers
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What are some of the basic properties of gases?
• Composed of molecules that are in constant motion at high velocities
• Have no definite shape or volume, but conform to that of the container
• Pressure results from the constant impact of molecules on the wall of the container
• Pressure can be increased by confining gas to a smaller volume or increasing the activity of the molecules
• Heat increases the molecular velocity, which increases pressure
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What is the diffusion gradient for oxygen?
60 mm Hg
What is the diffusion gradient for
carbon dioxide?5 to 6 mm Hg
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What is the explanation for the need for a greater diffusion gradient of oxygen?
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water
than oxygen; therefore, it can penetrate
through a membrane more easily.
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What is the significance of the fact that the oxygen dissociation curve is steep when the partial pressure of oxygen is low?
• Small changes in the partial pressure of oxygen make large changes in the amount of oxygen that the hemoglobin can hold
• Large exchanges of gases are efficient when need is greatest
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What happens to the coefficient of oxygen utilization during exercise?
• It increases three to four times that in resting state
• Blood leaving the active muscle tissue may approach zero saturation
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What two processes are involved in the control of acid-base balance?
• Buffer systems, such as– Carbonic acid bicarbonate
system– Blood proteins– Hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin
• Physiological changes, such as– In respiratory function– In kidney function
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Why is acid-base balance a factor that limits performance?
• When exercise intensity increases beyond aerobic capacity, lactic acid becomes the end product of metabolism
• The body’s ability to buffer lactic acid plays a large role in determining the end point of anaerobic activity
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How does lung diffusion change during exercise?
The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the
pulmonary capillaries increases in directproportion to the intensity of the exercise
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How useful is breathing oxygen-enriched gas before or after exercise for improving performance or aiding recovery?
It isn’t useful physiologically, although theremay be a psychological effect if the athletebelieves the oxygen helps.
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What likely limits the maximal oxygen consumption rate (VO2 max) during:
• Activities involving large muscle groups?– Cardiac output
• Sports that involve only arms or only legs?– Muscular blood flow– Oxygen utilization
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Useful Websites
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AACVPR—American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitationwww.aacvpr.org
National Jewish Medical and Research Centerwww.njc.org/main.html
American Lung Associationwww.lungusa.org
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutewww.nhlbi.nih.gov/index.htm
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Professional.orgwww.copdprofessional.org/index.asp
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Selected Images
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Figure 6.1 The respiratory system, showing the respiratory passages and the function of the alveolus to oxygenate the blood and to remove carbon dioxide.
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Figure 6.2 Diagram of inspiration and expiration.