Chapter 6 Report
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Transcript of Chapter 6 Report
Chapter 6
Practical 1.2 standing wave and partial reflection
Objectives:
1. To observe partial reflection at a mismatched termination.
2. To observe standing waves on a line with mismatched termination
3. To know that the standing waves are equal to the sum of the incident and reflected
waves.
Equipments:
TLD511 (Transmission line demonstrator), variable phase sine-wave generator (e.g.
Feedback VPG608), 600R resistor, 200R resistor, 1k8 resistor, links
TLD511 Transmission line demonstrator
Procedures:
1. The terminators are removed and the generator, two links and a 600R
terminator are connected as shown in figure below.
2. On the generator, the frequency is set to about 2.5Hz, and the amplitude is
adjusted until the travelling wave on the display is just lighting two sections
up and two down in each column of the display. This is called ±2units of
amplitude.
3. The 600R terminator is removed and a standing wave appears.
4. The 1k8 terminator is substituted. Note that the standing wave is reduced. Its
minimum and maximum values are noted and the values of the reflected pulse
in practical 1.1 are compared.
5. The 1k8 terminator is replaced with one of 200R.
Observations:
When the 600R terminator is substituted with 1k8 terminator, it is found that the
maximum amplitude obtained is +3 units. A reflection coefficient describes either the
amplitude or the intensity of a reflected wave relative to an incident wave, when
wave propagation in a medium containing discontinuities is considered. The reflection
coefficient is closely related to the transmission coefficient.
1k8 terminator is being replaced with 200R terminator, the results obtained have some
similarities. The amplitudes obtained for both are constant positive units when the
‘hold’ button is pressed. However, the results also show some differences. 1k8
terminator only gives results with positive amplitude while 200R can give result with
negative amplitude. Not only that, the maximum amplitude that the 1k8 terminator
can give is +3 units whereas the maximum amplitude that 200R terminator can give is
only +2 units.
Results:
Steps Results Diagram (as shown below)
1. With 600R terminator (frequency of about 2.5Hz)
Amplitude of +2 units 1
2. Remove the 600R terminator Amplitude of +4 units 23. Substitute 1k8 terminator Step input to B: amplitude of +3
unitsStep input to A: -amplitude changes from +2 units to +3 units (press ‘hold’button)-amplitude changes from +1 to 0 and to +1 again (repeatedly)
To B: 3To A: -4(press ‘hold’ button) -5 (‘hold’ button released
4. Replace 1k8 with one of 200R Step input to A: -amplitude from +2 units to +1unit (press ‘hold’button)-amplitude from -1 unit to +1unit(‘hold’button released)Step input to B: -amplitude from constant +1 unit to +1, 0, +1, 0 unit repeatedly(press ‘hold’button)-amplitude with constant of +1unit(‘hold’button released)
To A: -6(press ‘hold’ button) - 7(‘hold’ button released) To B: -8(press ‘hold’ button)
Diagram1 Diagram 2
Diagram 3 Diagram 4
Diagram 5 Diagram 6
Diagram 7 Diagram 8
Discussion:
The maximum amplitude occurs when the incident and reflected waves are both a
maximum at the same time and place. Since the incident wave was ± 2 units of
amplitude, and the reflection coefficient was ½, the reflected wave is ± 1unit. This
added to the incident wave gives a maximum of ± 3 units of amplitude. The reflection
coefficients with 200R and with 1k8 terminators were of opposite sign, or
equivalently they differed by 180’ in phase. Thus the phase of the reflected wave in
the one case must differ by 180’ from the phase of the other reflected wave. To
produce a corresponding change in ‘reflected’ waves supplied by the variable-phase
oscillator, its phase controls must likewise be adjusted by 180’ (e.g. in practice on the
VPG608 the lead/lag switch must be thrown, the phase control set to the difference
between 90’ and its former setting).
Conclusion:
If a transmission line is ‘correctly terminated’, for example in its characteristic
impedance, all the power sent down the line is absorbed at the termination and no
signal returns. Furthermore, if the line is open circuit or short circuit at the
termination, complete reflection of the signal occurs. A wave, travelling in a line of
characteristic impedance Zo and incident on a termination of impedance Zb gives rise
to a reflected wave those amplitude is that of the original wave reaching the
termination multiplied by a reflection coefficient, that has a voltage wave of formula:
¿¿.