CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 6 PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION

Perception Perception

PerceptionPerception – organizing and interpreting – organizing and interpreting our sensations. (aka Top –down our sensations. (aka Top –down processing) processing)

Selective Attention Selective Attention

we focus our attention to only a limited aspect of we focus our attention to only a limited aspect of all that we experience. We tend to focus on that all that we experience. We tend to focus on that which is important to us. which is important to us.

* We only process about 40 bits of information * We only process about 40 bits of information per sec. (But our 5 senses take in 11 million bits per sec. (But our 5 senses take in 11 million bits per sec. – We must choose which parts to per sec. – We must choose which parts to perceive. Butler student.perceive. Butler student.

Re bottom 232 driven to distraction: Re bottom 232 driven to distraction: Q What recent traffic safety laws does research Q What recent traffic safety laws does research

on selective attention support?on selective attention support?Test Your Awareness: Do The Test – YouTubeThis was an example of Inattentive BlindnessThis was an example of Inattentive Blindness

Cocktail Party EffectCocktail Party Effect

Re: 1Re: 1stst half of para after X p.232 half of para after X p.232 The cocktail party effectThe cocktail party effect – the ability to – the ability to

attend to only one voice among many. attend to only one voice among many. Ex. Many people are talking and Ex. Many people are talking and

someone across the room yells your someone across the room yells your name. name.

Ex. Someone calls out FIRE while you Ex. Someone calls out FIRE while you are in a room full of peopleare in a room full of people

Study talking in each ear. Q At a Pep Study talking in each ear. Q At a Pep RallyRally

Change blindnessChange blindness

NOVA | Inside NOVA: Change Blindness - YouTube

The Invisible Gorilla: And Other Ways Our Intuitions Deceive Us

Experimental Psychology - Change Blindness - Q Other examples from moviesQ Other examples from movies

Illusions Illusions

Muller-Lyer Muller-Lyer classic illusionclassic illusion

PsychSim 5e - Online EditionPsychSim 5e - Online Edition

More Illusions ….More Illusions ….

Examples on separate word documentExamples on separate word document Ames Room (Philip Zimbardo) – YouTubeAmes Room (Philip Zimbardo) – YouTube The Best Optical Illusions Ever – YouTubeThe Best Optical Illusions Ever – YouTube The Best optical illusions ever!!! part 2 - The Best optical illusions ever!!! part 2 -

YouTubeYouTube

GESTALTGESTALT

GestaltGestalt – German word meaning whole, – German word meaning whole, perception of the whole exceeds the sum perception of the whole exceeds the sum of its partsof its parts Figure GroundFigure Ground GroupingGrouping

ProximityProximity SimilaritySimilarity ContinuityContinuity ConnectednessConnectedness ClosureClosure

Figure GroundFigure Ground

Figure GroundFigure Ground – the organization of the – the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the stand out from their surroundings (the ground)ground)

Live PsychLive Psych Q Pep Rally?Q Pep Rally?

Grouping: ProximityGrouping: Proximity

ProximityProximity – the tendency to group nearby – the tendency to group nearby objects togetherobjects together

Grouping: Similarity Grouping: Similarity

SimilaritySimilarity – the tendency to group alike – the tendency to group alike figures togetherfigures together

Grouping: Continuity and Grouping: Continuity and ConnectednessConnectedness

ContinuityContinuity – the tendency to perceive a – the tendency to perceive a smooth pattern smooth pattern

ConnectednessConnectedness – when objects are – when objects are uniform and linked, the tendency to uniform and linked, the tendency to perceive spots, lines or areas as a single perceive spots, lines or areas as a single unit.unit.

Grouping: Grouping: ClosureClosure

ClosureClosure – the tendency to fill in the gaps – the tendency to fill in the gaps to create a meaningful whole.to create a meaningful whole.

Gestalt Grouping ReviewGestalt Grouping Review

The Gestalt School of Learning Web.mp4 The Gestalt School of Learning Web.mp4 – YouTube – YouTube

(German cartoon)(German cartoon)

Depth Perception Depth Perception Depth PerceptionDepth Perception – the ability – the ability

to see objects in three to see objects in three dimension, depth perception dimension, depth perception allows us to judge distance. allows us to judge distance. Visual cliffVisual cliff – – Eleanor GibsonEleanor Gibson

used a glass-covered drop-off used a glass-covered drop-off to test depth perception in to test depth perception in infants and young animals. infants and young animals. Most infants and young Most infants and young

animals would refuse to crawl animals would refuse to crawl onto the glass – our capacity onto the glass – our capacity to understand depth is innateto understand depth is innate

Our experience amplifies our Our experience amplifies our wariness – the more children wariness – the more children learn … the more they learn … the more they develop their understanding develop their understanding of depth.of depth.

Binocular CuesBinocular Cues

Binocular Cues – Binocular Cues – depth cues that depend on the depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes. use of two eyes. Retinal disparityRetinal disparity – using two eyes, the brain computes – using two eyes, the brain computes

distance. The greater the disparity (difference) between distance. The greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object. the two images, the closer the object.

ConvergenceConvergence – the extent to which the eyes converge – the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. (if the object is close, inward when looking at an object. (if the object is close, the eyes have a greater inward turn)the eyes have a greater inward turn)

http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.prenhall.com/http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.prenhall.com/livepsych/livepsych_ad/livepsych/livepsych_ad/index.html&sa=U&ei=qM_DTrruIcK2tgfPlvXZDQ&ved=0Cindex.html&sa=U&ei=qM_DTrruIcK2tgfPlvXZDQ&ved=0CBIQFjAA&usg=AFQjCNEpTNGKJq9tinIdHMJpADUnvAaoBIQFjAA&usg=AFQjCNEpTNGKJq9tinIdHMJpADUnvAaoqw qw

Retinal DisparityRetinal Disparity

Autostereograms - The Autostereograms - The physical autostereogram physical autostereogram plane is located at the plane is located at the solid line. To view an solid line. To view an autostereogram, the eyes autostereogram, the eyes do not converge at the do not converge at the plane of the screen plane of the screen image, but at some other image, but at some other point in space indicated point in space indicated by the intersection of the by the intersection of the lines of sight at another lines of sight at another location in space. location in space.

AutostereogramsAutostereograms

An autostereogram is formed by An autostereogram is formed by superimposing two repeating patterns superimposing two repeating patterns

The two patterns are slightly offset, and The two patterns are slightly offset, and when viewed properly, this offset is seen when viewed properly, this offset is seen as a binocular as a binocular disparitydisparity. .

Retinal Disparity Retinal Disparity

Ex. AutostereogramsEx. Autostereograms

AutostereogramAutostereogram

AutostereogramAutostereogram

Monocular CuesMonocular Cues

Monocular Cues Monocular Cues – distance cues that can be – distance cues that can be used with either eye alone. used with either eye alone. Relative SizeRelative Size InterpositionInterposition Relative ClarityRelative Clarity Texture GradientTexture Gradient Relative heightRelative height Relative motionRelative motion Relative brightness (light and shadow)Relative brightness (light and shadow) Linear perspectiveLinear perspective

Monocular Cue: Relative Size Monocular Cue: Relative Size

Relative SizeRelative Size – smaller images are farther – smaller images are farther awayaway

Monocular Cue: Interposition Monocular Cue: Interposition

Interposition Interposition – if one object blocks the – if one object blocks the view of another, it is perceived as closerview of another, it is perceived as closer

Monocular Cue: Relative Clarity Monocular Cue: Relative Clarity

Relative ClarityRelative Clarity – hazy objects are far – hazy objects are far away, clear objects are closeraway, clear objects are closer

Monocular Cue: Texture GradientMonocular Cue: Texture Gradient

Texture GradientTexture Gradient – coarse and distinct – coarse and distinct textures are close, fading textures are textures are close, fading textures are farther awayfarther away

Monocular Cue: Relative Height Monocular Cue: Relative Height

Relative heightRelative height – objects in our higher – objects in our higher field of vision are perceived as farther field of vision are perceived as farther away.away.

Monocular Cue: Relative Monocular Cue: Relative BrightnessBrightness

Relative brightness (light and shadow)Relative brightness (light and shadow) – nearby objects reflect more light– nearby objects reflect more light

Monocular Cue: Linear PerspectiveMonocular Cue: Linear Perspective

Linear perspectiveLinear perspective – parallel lines appear – parallel lines appear to converge with distance. to converge with distance.

Monocular Cue: Relative Motion Monocular Cue: Relative Motion

Relative motionRelative motion (aka Motion Parallax)– (aka Motion Parallax)– as we move, objects that are stable as we move, objects that are stable appear to move. appear to move.

Motion Perception Motion Perception

Phi Phenomenon Phi Phenomenon Movement is created when two or more lights Movement is created when two or more lights

blink on and off in quick succession blink on and off in quick succession

Review Monocular CuesReview Monocular Cues

Find Monocular cues the artists drawing on p. Find Monocular cues the artists drawing on p. 242242

Constancy - perceiving objects as Constancy - perceiving objects as unchangingunchanging

Color Constancy – even when Color Constancy – even when illumination changes we illumination changes we perceive objects as having a perceive objects as having a consistent color. Ex. Red Carconsistent color. Ex. Red Car

Shape Constancy – even when Shape Constancy – even when our retinal images change, we our retinal images change, we perceive objects as maintaining perceive objects as maintaining a certain shape. Ex rect. doora certain shape. Ex rect. door

Size Constancy – even when Size Constancy – even when our distance changes we our distance changes we perceive items as remaining perceive items as remaining the same size Ex Football fieldthe same size Ex Football field

ShapeShape

SizeSize

Hanging Munchkin Wizard of OzHanging Munchkin Wizard of Oz

VCR tape of Munchkin Hanging in Wizard of VCR tape of Munchkin Hanging in Wizard of Oz.Oz.

Hanging Munchkin SuicideHanging Munchkin Suicide

Perceptual Set Perceptual Set

Perceptual Set – a mental predisposition Perceptual Set – a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. to perceive one thing and not another. Ex. The Loch Ness monsterEx. The Loch Ness monster Ex. UFOsEx. UFOs Ex. Watching Indy v Ex. Watching Indy v

Butler football game.Butler football game. Activity: Look at pictureActivity: Look at picture

Perceptual Set Perceptual Set Ex. Place appropriateEx. Place appropriate

grammar in sentence: grammar in sentence:

Time flies. I can’t, they’re too fast.Time flies. I can’t, they’re too fast.

Ex Roast, MostEx Roast, Most

Ex Coke, Joke, FolkEx Coke, Joke, Folk

Ex Last day of kindergartenEx Last day of kindergarten

Perceptual Set - YouTubePerceptual Set - YouTube

Context EffectsContext Effects

bullets on 253bullets on 253 Magician’s CabinetMagician’s Cabinet Anyone have a day (A or B) where they Anyone have a day (A or B) where they

like 3 and dislike 1? If you were to switch like 3 and dislike 1? If you were to switch the one to the other day What would the one to the other day What would happen? your perception would make a happen? your perception would make a differencedifference

Context EffectsContext Effects

Some Americans consider themselves to Some Americans consider themselves to be poor within the context of their be poor within the context of their neighbors.neighbors.

Perceptual AdaptationPerceptual Adaptation

The ability to adjust to an artificially The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted vision.displaced or even inverted vision.

Re: paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 (250)Re: paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 (250) Picture on (250)Picture on (250) module # 10module # 10

ESPESP

Q What is it? Q What is it? Q. What do you know about it? Q. What do you know about it?  Re: 257 to 257 through Morris Re: 257 to 257 through Morris  Skip to Claims of ESP Skip to Claims of ESP  Do 2 cartoons 259 and 260Do 2 cartoons 259 and 260 Re: 261 at the topRe: 261 at the top Look at picture and read The Ganzfield procedure (261) Look at picture and read The Ganzfield procedure (261)  Close books. Parapsychology Lab is in Duke. Look at Close books. Parapsychology Lab is in Duke. Look at

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