Chapter 6: MotivationChapter 6: MotivationChapter 6: MotivationChapter 6: MotivationHarry HarlowHarry Harlow

And Abraham MaslowAnd Abraham Maslow

Harry Harlow – U. of Wisconsin

AttachmentThe development of an emotionalbond between child andparent/caregiver

Disagrees with Hull: hates Drive Reduction

Harry Harlow – Studied Developmentof Attachments• Harlow wished to study attachment undercontrolled, experimental questions.• Which is more important in the developmentof attachments?– Physical nurturing (e.g. feeding the baby)? Would prove Drive Reduction correct!– Emotional nurturing (tender loving care)? Disproves Drive Reduction.

Attachment In Humans• Gradual process that takes place over months• Depends on good, consistent parenting• Signs of secure attachment (Ainsworth):1. At 6-7 months shows separation anxiety; stranger

anxiety2. Happy greeting when parents return3. Uses parent/caregiver as a base to explore environment• Insecurely attached infants show more anxious/ambivalent or avoidant/detached reactions to parents• Type of early attachment correlates with adultattachments & ability to be in committed relationships• Characteristics of both baby & caregiver affect ease of

attachment process

Contact comfort from terry cloth mother, more important than food or water!

Social Motives• Need for Achievement• McClelland: (TAT) Thematic Apperception Test:

make up a story based on you story you are then scored for achievement

• Fear of Success• Matina Horner• Men want success, women fear success, fear to

be success in certain careers is odd and unfeminine.

Other Theories• JW Atkinson: expectancy-value:

estimated likely hood of success and what it is worth to you

• Competency Theory: we learn from hard tasks

Motivation

Internal Sources External Sources

Incentives:Any external

motivating stimulus, such as

Biological Needs:

A state of physical deprivation that causes an imbalance within the body (e.g., body temperature, blood sugar, water content).

Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation

Incentives:Any external

motivating stimulus, such as

Social Motive:

A type of motivation acquired through experience and interaction with other people; becomes part of your personality.

• Abraham Maslow was an American behavioral psychologist who worked both in academia and industry.  He published a number of Human Relations books until the early '70's, but it was his first book, "Motivation and Personality", published in 1943, that set out his idea of the hierarchy of humanneeds.

THE HIERARCHY OF NEEDS• Maslow argued that the factors that

drive or motivate people to act lie on an ascending scale.  Once a group or order of needs is satisfied, the individual will not be motivated by more of the same, but will seek to satisfy higher order needs.  What's more, a higher order need will not be a motivator if lower order needs remain unmet.  Maslow defined five orders of needs, listed in ascending importance:

• The fourth level is the esteem needs. This group of needs requires both recognition from other people that results in feelings of prestige, acceptance, and status, and self-esteem that results in feelings of adequacy, competence, and confidence. Lack of satisfaction of the esteem needs results in discouragement and feelings of inferiority.

• Finally, self-actualization sits at the apex of the original pyramid.

• Self-actualization is the instinctual need of humans to make the most of their abilities and to strive to be the best they can.

• Self Actualization is the intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately, of what the organism is.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of

Needs begins at the

base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied

then higher-level safety needs become active

then psychological needs become active

Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s

fullest and unique potential

Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,

achievement, competence,and independence; need for

recognition and respect from others

Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and

predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong

and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst