Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation What motivates you? Success? Parents? Friends? Money?...

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Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion

Transcript of Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation What motivates you? Success? Parents? Friends? Money?...

Page 1: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Chapter 6Motivation and Emotion

Page 2: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Motivation

What motivates you? Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?

What are you motivated for?College, buying nice things, etc?

Research on motivation and emotion is concerned with WHY we do the things we do.

Page 3: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Biology of Motivation

0 Important idea – CHEMICAL BALANCE

0When your body temp drops and you’re cold, you put on a sweatshirt.

0When your body temp rises and you’re hot, you turn on the AC or open a window.

0Homeostasis – tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

Page 4: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Biology of Motivation - Hunger

0What motivates you to seek food?0Sight? Smell? Pictures? Commercials?

0If you haven’t eaten in awhile, your body will start to demand food.

0Lateral hypothalamus (LH) – provides the “go” signal to your body; it tells you to eat

Page 5: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Biology of Motivation - Hunger

0Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) – provides the “stop” signal: it tells you when you’ve had enough food

Page 6: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Biology of Motivation - Hunger

Page 7: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Drive-Reduction Theory0 DR Theory – Clark Hull, 1943 - physiological needs drive

an organism to act in either random or habitual ways until its needs are satisfied

0 More simply, biological needs (food, water, sex, shelter) DRIVE an organism to act

0 Random behavior reduces drive that behavior becomes habitual (or conditioned)

0 Clark believed all human motives (seeking affection, striving for excellence, etc.) are extensions of basic biological needs

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Harry Harlow’s Monkeys0Harlow

0Harlow wanted to test Hull’s DR Theory

0Surrogate Mother Experiment0 Two surrogate mothers – Wire w/ food, Cloth w/o food

0Monkeys preferred to stick w/ the cloth mother, preferably when frightening objects were placed in the cage

Page 9: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Harry Harlow’s Monkeys

0Some experiences are inherently pleasurable (hugging something soft)

0Humans/animals derive pleasure from stimulation/arousal.0 Going to haunted houses, dogs being petted

0 In conclusion, a drive for stimulation looked as plausible as a drive to reduce stimulation

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Social Motives

0David McClelland – Thematic Apperception Test0 Fig. 6.6 on page 140

0 J.W. Atkinson – Expectancy-Value Theory0Expectancy – estimated likelihood of success0Value – what the goal is worth to you

Page 11: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Social Motives

0 Intrinsic motivation – knowledge you gain and fun you have is reward enough for your effort0Ex: reading a book solely for fun

0Extrinsic motivation – reward(s) that are external0Ex: getting paid to read books

Page 12: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

0Maslow believed that all human beings need to feel competent, to win approval and recognition, and to sense that they have achieved something.

0Believed there were needs that all people share.

0Write down a list of 10 concerns/needs/aspirations in your notes.

Page 13: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Page 14: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

0Bottom of the pyramid – fundamental needs

0Fundamental needs – these need to be satisfied in order to live0 Ex: Physiological needs – hunger, thirst, etc.0 Ex: Physical needs – safety, security, shelter, etc.

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

02nd level of the pyramid – psychological needs

0Psychological needs – the need to belong, to give and receive love, and the need to acquire esteem through competence and achievement0 Ex: Esteem needs: to achieve, be competent/smart, gain

approval and recognition0 Ex: Love needs: to affiliate with others, be social, be

accepted, receive love and affection

Page 16: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

0Top of the pyramid – self-actualization needs

0Self-actualization – pursuit of knowledge, whatever is required for the realization of one’s unique potential0 Relatively few people reach this level

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

0Maslow believed that needs have to be satisfied in order. For example, we start at the bottom of the pyramid and work our way up.

0More recent research suggests that any one need may dominate at a specific time, and there is no guarantee that there has to be any sort of order.

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Emotions

0How are motivation/emotion related?

0When we want to express the needs/desires associated with goal-directed behavior, we use the word “motivation”.

0When we want to stress the feelings associated with these decisions/activities, we use the word “emotion”.

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Emotions

Page 20: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Emotions

Page 21: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Emotions

Page 22: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Emotions

Page 23: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Emotions

0Charles Darwin (The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872) – argued that all people express certain basic feelings in the same way

0These facial expressions are innate – part of our biological inheritance

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James-Lange Theory

0First widely influential theory of emotion in 1884

0Witnessing an external stimulus causes a physiological reaction

0 Your physiological reaction then causes an emotion0 Ex: Grizzly Bear Sighting – I am trembling, therefore I am

afraid.

0Emotion is a result of reaction to stimulus

Page 25: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?
Page 26: Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation  What motivates you?  Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?Failure  What are you motivated for?

Canon-Bard Theory

0C-B Theory (1920) – Directly challenged the J-L theory

0Witnessing an external stimulus causes an emotion, and then this emotion causes a physiological reaction0 Ex: Grizzly Bear Sighting – I am afraid, therefore I am

trembling.

0Sparked controversy due to the suggestion that there is no mechanism for emotion

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Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory Of Emotion

0 Like the J-L Theory, Schachter and Singer believed that arousal played a large role in emotion.

0 However, they said that this physical arousal was the same for a lot of emotions, therefore, this physical arousal alone couldn’t be responsible for emotional responses.

0 Emotion is a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal.

0 Perception and arousal interact to create emotions.

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Schachter-Singer

0 Situation: Imagine you are alone in a dark parking lot walking toward your car. A strange person suddenly appears and starts rapidly approaching you.

0 1. I see a strange man walking toward me. (stimulus)0 2. My heart is racing and I am trembling. (physical arousal)0 3. My rapid heart rate and trembling are caused by fear.

(cognitive label (perception) – associating physical reaction to fear)

0 4. I am frightened/scared. (conscious experience of the emotion)

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0Add these three theories, along w/ Schachter-Singer’s Experiment and the Opponent-Process Theory (in your book) to your Graphic Organizer.

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