Chapter 6: Land and its resources
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Transcript of Chapter 6: Land and its resources
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Chapter 6: Land and its resources
land
minerals
Natural elements
metal
Non metal
Natural compound
sulphides
oxides
Silica and silicates
carbonates
Natural fuel resources
petroleum coal Natural gas
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.1. Mineral is natural element or compound found in the Earth’s crust. 2. A mineral has a composition and a specific crystalline structure. Examples of minerals are calcite, feldspar, quartz, mica, marble and silicate.3.. Only inactive elements can exist freely in the Earth’s crust. Meanwhile, active elements will react with other elements to form particular compounds.4.. Natural elements commonly found in the Earth’s crust are gold, silver, platinum, mercury and arsenic.
The Various Minerals Found in the Earth’s Crust
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elements % by weightoxygen 46.6silicon 27.7
aluminium 8.1iron/ferrum 5.0
calcium 3.6sodium 2.8
potassium 2.6magnesium 2.1
titanium 0.4hydrogen/carbon 0.14
•Almost 75% of the weight of a mineral in the Earth’s Crust is made up of oxygen and silicon elements. Thus, silicate minerals which contain oxygen and silicon elements make up the largest amount. Examples of silicate minerals include quartz, feldspar, mica and clay.
•Minerals that do not contain silicon element are known as non-silicate minerals. Examples of non silicate minerals are calcite, dolomite, magnetite and hematite.
•Other non metallic elements such as oxygen, sulphur and carbon usually exist in the form of compounds such as oxides, sulphides and carbonates.
•Less active elements combine with oxygen and sulphur to form oxides and sulphides such as iron oxide, aluminium oxide, lead sulphide and iron sulphide.
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Types of compounds Elements present
Oxides metal and oxygen
Carbonates metal, carbon and oxygen
Sulphides metal and sulphur
Silicates metal, silicon and oxygen
Silica silicon and oxygen
Element in Natural Compounds
Types of minerals ExamplesOf Natural Minerals
Chemical name(Mineral Content)
Elements in the mineral
oxides
bauxite aluminium oxide Aluminium and oxygen
hematite iron oxide iron and oxygenmagnetite magnesium oxide Magnesium and
oxygencassitetite tin oxide tin and oxygen
sulphidegalena lead sulphide lead and sulphurpyrite iron sulphide iron and sulphur
chalcocite copper sulphide copper and sulphurblende zinc sulphide zinc and sulphur
carbonate
calcite (marble) calcium carbonate calcium, carbon and oxygen
magnesite magnesium carbonate Magnesium, carbon and oxygen
dolomite magnesium carbonate Magnesium, carbon and oxygen
malachite copper carbonate copper, carbon and oxygen
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KESAN HABA KE ATAS LOGAM KARBONAT DAN LOGAM SULFIDA
calcium carbonat
Air kapur(untuk uji gas )
Iron sulfide
Larutan kalium permangganat berasid
(uij gas SO2 ) ungu jernih
jernih keruh
mineral air kapur (jernih)
Kalium permangganat (ungu) Gas terbebas
calcium carbonat
Iron sulfide
Iron oxside
lead sulfide
Magnesium carbonat
tin oxside
keruh
keruh
jernih
jernih
-
--
-
-
-
--
SO2
SO2
tidak terurai
tidak terurai
pemerhatian
CO2
CO2
CO2
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Metal + oxygen metal oxide
Metal + sulphur metal sulphide Metal sulphide metal oxide + sulphur dioxide
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Metal react with oxygen
MAZI C– decending orderCIZAM – accending order
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Metal react with sulphur
MAZI C – decending order C IZAM – accending order
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PERAK 12
Magnesium + sulphur magnesium sulphide heat
Calcium sulphide calcium oxide + sulphur dioxideheat
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Reactions of metals with non-metal
1. Magnesium + sulphur magnesium sulphide2. Aluminium + sulphur aluminum sulphide3. Zinc + sulphur zinc sulphide4. Iron + sulphur iron sulphide5. Copper + sulphur copper sulphide
Metal with sulphur 1. Magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide2. Aluminium + oxygen aluminum oxide3. Zinc + oxygen zinc oxide4. Iron + oxygen iron oxide5. Copper + oxygen copper oxide
Metal with oxygen
Potassium Manganate (vii) crystals release oxygen when heatedThe glass wool at the mouth of the boiling tube prevents oxygen from escaping too fast into the air
The glass wool at in the boiling tube prevents the Potassium Manganate (VII) from mixing with the metal powder.
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Test
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PKBS 2 2010 MEI
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PMR 2007
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SBP 2006
PMR 09
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PMR 08
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Diagram 6 shows the set-up apparatus to determine the action of heat on plumbum sulphide.
A. Describe the colour change of the acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution............................................................................................................................
[1 mark]B. Name the solution that can be used to substitute the acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution. .........................................................................................................................
[1 mark]C. Name the white residue produced after plumbum sulphide is heated. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [ 1 mark]
D. State the two elements found in plumbum sulphide. (i) ........................................................................................................ (ii) .........................................................................................................
[2 marks]
SBP 2009
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SBP 2011
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Minerals in the Earth’s
crust
Elements
METALPlatinumMercurySilverGold
NON-METALCarbon Sulphur
Compound
CarbonatesOxides
SulphidesSilicates
Minerals in the Earth’s crust
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A metal is an element that has a shiny surface, is ductile and malleable.
Example: zinc, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, lead, gold, silver …
Most metals react with oxygen to form metal oxide.
Most metals react with sulphur to form metal sulphide.
Metal & non-metal• A non-metal is an
element that has a dull surface, is brittle.
• Example: graphite (carbon), sulphur, oxygen, chlorine…
Zinc + sulphur zinc sulphide
Zinc + oxygen zinc oxide
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The Moths Scale
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Silicon Compound
Silicon is non-metallic element that is the second most abundant element after the element oxygen in the Earth’s crust.
Silicon does not exist as a free element in its natural states but combines with other elements to form compounds.
Silicon normally combines with other elements such as metals and oxygen to form silicon compounds (silica and silicate)
Silica is also known as silicon dioxide. Silicon + oxygen silicon dioxide
(silica) Example of silica: sand, quartz and flint
• Silicate is a silicon compound that contains silicon, metal and oxygen.
• Silicate is form when silicon combines with oxygen and metal.
• Silicon + oxygen + metal silicate
• Examples: clay, mica, feldspar, asbestos gem (jade, ruby, topaz)
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The properties of silicon compounds
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Characteristic of silicon:Do not dissolve in
waterDo not react with acidDo not decomposed
when heated
Sodium silicate
magnesium silicate
Feldfars silicate
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Calcium carbonate is the chemical name for lime element that is formed
from 3 types of elements, which are calcium, carbon and oxygen.
Examples of calcium compounds are: a. Lime b. Lime stone c. Marble d. calcite e. Gypsum f. shell of sea animals g. bones and teeth h. egg shells.
CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOUND
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◦ insoluble in water◦ soluble in water containing dissolved
carbon dioxide gas to form calcium hydrogen carbonate.
It reacts with dilute acid to produce calcium salt water and carbon dioxide◦ It decomposes into calcium oxide
quicklime and carbon dioxide when heated. PMR 07, 08
Calcium oxide dissolves a little in water to form calcium hydroxide slaked lime and heat energy is released
The characteristics of calcium carbonate are: PMR 03, 04
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Properties of calcium carbonates
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Tindakan haba ke atas kalsium karbonat
kalsium karbonat kalsium oksida
kalsium hidroksida
titiskan air
ii. haba terhasili. Berdesir
batu kapur kapur tohor kapur matipepejal
serbuk cecair
panaskan
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PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM CARBONATES
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The formation of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide
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Natural fuel resources and their importance.••Formation of natural fuel resources.a.Natural fuel resources include fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal.b.Coal is formed from plants that grew in swamps millions of years ago.c.Petroleum and natural gas are formed from plants and animals that lived in the sea or on the land millions of years ago.
i. When these animals and plants died, their remains became buried under mud and sand at the bottom of the sea.
ii. High pressure and heat slowly changed the mud and sand into rocks and the remains of the animals and plants into petroleum and natural gas. PMR 08
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Characteristics and uses of petroleum fractionsFossil fuel are hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon)Petroleum is a mixture of many types of hydrocarbons which
need to be separated before can be used.The hydrocarbons in the petroleum have different boiling
points.Therefore, the petroleum can be separated into various
components by fractional distillation.The components which are separated are called fractions or
distillates.
The higher the boiling point of a fraction of petroleum, PMR 03, 05, 08 the darker its colour the higher the viscosity the colour of the flame become more yellowish more soot produced when burnt more difficult to burn in air
http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/fractional.htm
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Fractional distillation of petroleum
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PERAK 12
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PMR 2008
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THE USES OF THE PRODUCTS OF DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM PMR 07
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Bahan api semula jadi
1. Iaitu petroleum, gas asli, arang batu dan kayu-kayan
2. dikenali sebagai bahan api fosil. Kerana berasal dari tumbuhan dan haiwan mati berjuta tahun lampau. Petroleum 1. Bewarna hitam dan likat, terdiri dari campuran hidrogen dan karbon dan dinamakan sebatian hidrokarbon.2. Proses pemisahan petroleum dinamakan penyulingan berperingkat disebabkan petroleum mempunyai takat didih berlainan
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Gas asli1.Gas asli terdiri daripada metana, etana, dan butana2. Gas asli diangkut dalam bentuk gas asli cecair (LNG)
arang batu1.Dahulu arang batu diguna untuk menjalankan kapal laut, dan keretapi
FRACTIONAL DISTILATION
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Colour Viscosity Colour of flame Soot combustibilityTemperature
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Fraction Temperature colour viscosity Colour of flame Soot produced combustiibility
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Penutup
2. Tasbih Kifarah.
1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr