GroupsGroups

Ch. 6, Sec. 1&2, pp. 171-179Ch. 6, Sec. 1&2, pp. 171-179

What are the “in” and “out” groups at CHS as you see them? Which do you belong? Do you have a reference group you hope to be in someday?

GroupGroupComposed of people who are in Composed of people who are in regular contact with each otherregular contact with each other

Share ways of thinking, feeling, Share ways of thinking, feeling, behavingbehaving

Have interests in commonHave interests in common

Take into account one another’s Take into account one another’s feelingsfeelings

Create outsiders and insidersCreate outsiders and insiders

Groups vs. Social CategoriesGroups vs. Social CategoriesWHAT GROUPS AREN’TWHAT GROUPS AREN’T

Social CategorySocial Category Women, High School SeniorsWomen, High School Seniors

Social AggregateSocial Aggregate Ticket line at a concert, AudienceTicket line at a concert, Audience

Primary GroupPrimary GroupComposed of people who:Composed of people who: are emotionally closeare emotionally close know each other wellknow each other well seek each other’s companyseek each other’s company

The most important setting for The most important setting for socializationsocialization Learn norms, values, beliefsLearn norms, values, beliefs

Characteristics of PrimaryCharacteristics of Primary

Primary groups have Primary groups have primary primary relationshipsrelationships which are intimate, which are intimate, fulfilling, and caringfulfilling, and caring

Primary groups develop because the Primary groups develop because the groups are small, with face to face groups are small, with face to face contactcontact

Functions of Primary GroupsFunctions of Primary Groups

Emotional SupportEmotional Support

Socialization (Teaches)Socialization (Teaches)

Encourage Conformity (Pressure)Encourage Conformity (Pressure)

Secondary GroupsSecondary GroupsImpersonal and goal orientedImpersonal and goal orientedInvolves only a portion of a person’s life Involves only a portion of a person’s life Exists for a specific purposeExists for a specific purposeGoal is to accomplish a task not Goal is to accomplish a task not necessarily develop friendshipnecessarily develop friendship

Reference GroupReference GroupGroups we use to evaluate ourselves Groups we use to evaluate ourselves Acquire attitudes, values, beliefs, and Acquire attitudes, values, beliefs, and

norms. norms.

Might not be a member but may want Might not be a member but may want to be one. to be one.

Not always a positive influenceNot always a positive influence

IN vs. OUTIN vs. OUTIn GroupIn Group-- Requires loyalty and its norms exclude Requires loyalty and its norms exclude

others.others.

Out GroupOut Group Opposition, antagonistic, or competition Opposition, antagonistic, or competition

to IN-Groupto IN-Group

Boundaries-clothing, special words, Boundaries-clothing, special words, greetingsgreetingsOne cannot exist without the otherOne cannot exist without the other

Social NetworksSocial Networks

All of a persons social relationshipsAll of a persons social relationships

Lack boundaries to be a groupLack boundaries to be a group

Provide:Provide: Sense of BelongingSense of Belonging Advice/helpAdvice/help Professional NetworkingProfessional Networking

How does having strong social networks How does having strong social networks help prevent school violence? How may help prevent school violence? How may “in” and “out” groups help promote “in” and “out” groups help promote violence?violence?

Types of Social Types of Social InteractionInteraction

Ch.6, Sec. 3, pp.181-189Ch.6, Sec. 3, pp.181-189

CooperationCooperation

Individuals or groups combine Individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach some goaltheir efforts to reach some goal

ConflictConflictIndividuals or groups that work Individuals or groups that work against each other for a larger share against each other for a larger share of the rewardsof the rewards

Beating the opponent is essential, Beating the opponent is essential, maybe more important than the goalmaybe more important than the goal

Benefits of ConflictBenefits of Conflict

Encourages cooperation and Encourages cooperation and unity within opposing groupsunity within opposing groups

Draws attention to social inequityDraws attention to social inequity

Changes to norms, beliefs, and Changes to norms, beliefs, and valuesvalues

Social ExchangeSocial Exchange

Occurs when one person Occurs when one person voluntarily does something for voluntarily does something for another expecting a reward in another expecting a reward in returnreturn

ReciprocityReciprocity-do for others as they -do for others as they have done for youhave done for you

CoercionCoercion

Individuals or groups are forced to Individuals or groups are forced to give in to the will of the other give in to the will of the other groups or individualsgroups or individuals

Opposite of social exchangeOpposite of social exchange

Domination is the keyDomination is the key

Conformity Conformity

Behavior matches group Behavior matches group expectationsexpectations

GroupthinkGroupthink

Conformity to group beliefs created by Conformity to group beliefs created by group pressuregroup pressure

Caused by the difficulty of going Caused by the difficulty of going against the group against the group

Discourage members from expressing Discourage members from expressing concern about group decisionsconcern about group decisions

Formal Organizations Formal Organizations

Ch. 6, Sec. 4, pp. 190-196Ch. 6, Sec. 4, pp. 190-196

Formal OrganizationsFormal Organizations

Formal OrganizationsFormal Organizations-created to -created to achieve one or more long-term goalsachieve one or more long-term goals

BureaucraciesBureaucracies-formal organization -formal organization based on rationality and efficiency based on rationality and efficiency

Characteristics of a BureaucracyCharacteristics of a Bureaucracy

Division of Labor (Specialization)Division of Labor (Specialization)

Power-ability to control othersPower-ability to control others

Rules & Procedures are the Rules & Procedures are the framework for decision-makingframework for decision-making

Written records and filesWritten records and files

Promotion based on merit-jobs are Promotion based on merit-jobs are filled on the basis of techinical and filled on the basis of techinical and professional qualificationsprofessional qualifications

Advantages of BureaucraciesAdvantages of Bureaucracies

RationalizationRationalization-emphasis of -emphasis of knowledge, reason, and planning knowledge, reason, and planning rather than tradition and rather than tradition and superstitionsuperstition

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Status is more important than the Status is more important than the personperson occupying the status occupying the status

Individuals are expendableIndividuals are expendable

Informal OrganizationsInformal Organizations

Groups within a formal Groups within a formal organization in which personal organization in which personal relationships are guided by relationships are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of the formal that are not part of the formal organizationorganization

Iron Law of OligarchyIron Law of Oligarchy

Power becomes concentrated in Power becomes concentrated in the hands of few members they the hands of few members they longer they are aroundlonger they are around

Will lead to Will lead to oligarchyoligarchy, rule by a , rule by a few, within the organizationfew, within the organization

3 Factors lead to Oligarchy3 Factors lead to Oligarchy

Organizations need a hierarchy of Organizations need a hierarchy of authority to delegate decision makingauthority to delegate decision making

Advantages at the top allow them to Advantages at the top allow them to consolidate power (loyal staff)consolidate power (loyal staff)

Other members give in to those in Other members give in to those in chargecharge