Chapter 6. Beginnings of War British Advantages Outnumber Americans Superior Army/ Navy British...
-
Upload
collin-page -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
3
Transcript of Chapter 6. Beginnings of War British Advantages Outnumber Americans Superior Army/ Navy British...
Chapter 6
Beginnings of WarBritish Advantages
Outnumber Americans
Superior Army/ Navy
British DisadvantagesResources strainedNavy overextendedMixed support for
war
Colonial AdvantagesMobilized war effort
effectivelyLarger army
Colonial Disadvantages1/5 loyalistLacked training
Needed to attract foreign recognition/capital
No discipline
Strategy and BattlesBritish Strategy
Put down rebellionRestore monarchyDivide and conquer
Colonial StrategyProlong war until Britain’s
taxpayers lose patienceRepulse invading army
BattlesNYC 1777
Gen. Howe arrives 32,000 troops British home base
Trenton 1777/78 Colonial retreat GW Christmas miracle Consequences:
Inspires re-enlistment Wedge between NJ loyalists and
British Forces British soldiers out of NJ
Saratoga 1777 British plan to capture NY Capture Ticonderoga Jane McCrea Horatio Gates- Colonial Victory Turning Point: France joins
war First World War by 1780
General Washington at Trenton, 1776
Which was not an important military problem for the British forces during the Revolutionary War?
A) the enormous size of AmericaB) great distance for the transport of troops and supplies
C) poorly disciplined and inadequately trained troopsD) American determination and commitmentE) guerrilla tactics used by colonial troops
BattlesPhilly 1778
18,000 British troops land
Defeat Washington/Lafayette
Valley Forge retreatValley Forge 1778
Harsh winter/conditionsVon Stueben arrivesBattle of Monmouth
Ends contest for NorthWest
Didn’t impact war but future issues with Native American
South 1780-1781Charlestown, SC
Benedict Arnold British capture Lack of loyalty
Indian attacks slaves
Camden, Cowpens, Kings Mt. Devastating defeats to Gates Nathaniel Green takes over Guerilla warfare, harass
British Arnold’s treachery
Yorktown French arrive Cornwallis trapped Clinton’s blunder Washington/Greene victory British no longer support war Surrender: October 19, 1781
Treaty of Paris Britain would
recognize the existence of the United States as an independent nation
The Mississippi River would be the Western boundary of the nation
Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada
Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist property claims
Social ChangeMen
No titles of nobilityNo primogenitureClass tension erodingVirtue and sacrifice defined a
citizen’s worth more than position
Black AmericansContradictionOpportunities during warOpposition to Slavery
growing abolishing the importation of
slaves, end in Northern slaveryFree Blacks
Second class citizens Difficult employment Some success
Women in WartimeNaturally dependentParticipated in revolution
camp followers Managed homes Some fought
Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher) and Deborah Sampson – undercover women soldiers
Native AmericansNo mention in declarationLand rights uncertainTreaty of Ft. Stanwix (1784)
and Ft. McIntosh
Organization of New Governments
A. State Governments1. By 1777 state Constitutions had been
adopted in 10 of the new states. 2. Common features of state constitutions
List of Rights Voting (white, landowning males) Separation of Powers (usually three branches) Office-holding
Organization of New GovernmentsB. Articles of Confederation (1776-1777)
1. Ratification – delayed by demands from Maryland and Rhode Island that Virginia and New York give up their western land claims to the federal government
2. Structure of government - - Unicameral (one-house)
legislature- one vote per state- unanimous vote to amend the
Articles3. Powers:
- Congress could: 1) wage war 2) make treaties 3) send diplomatic representatives and 4) borrow money
- Congress could NOT: 1) regulate interstate commerce, 2) collect taxes 3) enforce laws
Organization of New Governments
Accomplishments of Articles of confederation- Winning the war
- Land Ordinance of 1785 (policy for surveying western lands that set aside portions for public education) - Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (rules and procedures for establishing new states in the territory between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River)
The Northwest Ordinance may have been the most important achievement of the Articles Period
Which of the following is a feature of the 1787 Northwest Ordinance?
A) slavery was forbidden in the territory north of the Ohio RiverB) all state debts were to be assumed by CongressC) a section of land was to be set aside for educationD) land was to be divided into townships, six miles on a sideE) it authorized the seizure of Indian land by federal land agents without compensation
Organization of New GovernmentsProblems:
- Financial: unpaid war debts and lack of taxation powers led to the issuance of paper money and massive inflation.
- Foreign: A nation that cannot pay its debts has little respect. Spain and Britain threatened a takeover of western lands.
- Domestic: Shays’ Rebellion – Daniel Shays (Mass.) leads a farmer’s uprising to protest high taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. Massachusetts state militia broke the rebellion, however the central government had no power to intervene.
Finance, Trade, and Economy1781-1786
Debt160 millionBorrowed moneyContinentalsMassive inflation
Robert MorrisSuperintendent of Finance
1781Proposed national import
duty of 5%Didn’t pass
RI rejected
Newburgh Conspiracy 1783Morris/ Hamilton
Persuaded Army officers to threaten a Coup d'état to get treasury taxation authority to raise officers pay
GW responds with speech focused on honor
Coup never happened Highlights perils of nations
finances
TradeEconomic depression
NE Short growing season High taxes
Mid-Atlantic Prospered Europe famine
South Failure of rice/tobacco
Confederation and the West 1785-1787
• Land ordinance of 1785– 160 million acres north of
OH river• Uniform procedures for
surveying land• Township and range • Six square miles is basic unit• One lot for educational
purposes• Land sold at public auction
– Min. $1 an acre
• Land ordinance of 1787– Defined steps for creation
and admission of states– Forbade slavery in
territories– Stages of acceptance
• Territorial government• 5,000 males – temporary
constitution, elect a legislature
• 60,000 males- vote to ratify, Congress had to approve
• Natives– Thought British would
support them– Joseph Brant
• Mohawk• Led resistance in Northwest
• Southeast– Difficulties with Spanish
and their native allies• Alexander McGillivray • Creek Indian• Secret treaty with Spain
1780s– Miss/ New Orleans
• John jay• Jay-Gardoqui treaty of 1786
Toward a New constitution
Shay’s Rebellion 1786-1787Causes
Jay- Gardoqui treatyNE depression (1784)
continuedLegislature raises taxes
to pay off war debt in 3 years (1786)
Shortage of gold/silverMass passed
constitution Favors wealthy Heavy taxes Farm seizes
• Spark– Daniel Shays led 2,000 men
to shut down courts in 3 counties
– Goal: to stop sheriff’s auctions for unpaid taxes – prevent foreclosures
• Consequences– Causes leaders to worry
about Confederations ability to handle civil disorder
– Gw’s meeting– Call for Annapolis convention
• Delegates from 5 states• Suggest Constitutional
convention– Jefferson “a little rebellion is
good now and then to replenish the tree of liberty”
Philadelphia Convention 1787
• 55 delegates from every state – exception Rhode Island– Delegates:
• White, wealthy males• James Madison, Alexander
Hamilton, Gov. Morris, John Dickinson
• Not there:– John jay, Thomas Jefferson,
John Adams, Thomas Paine
• Independence Hall– Private sessions– GW chairperson
• Ben Franklin – major influence
• j
• Issues– What to do with
articles?– How to balance
conflicting interests of large and small states
*group activity:drafting the constitution
responses• Plans
– Madison• Virginia plan
– Favor large states– Strong central government– Congress rights of
legislation/taxation– Power to veto any state law– Authority to use military force
against states– Bicameral legislature
» Upper house : rep. population
» Lower house: elected by votes
» Both houses appt. president and judges
– Opposition• Abolishment of state’s rights• Biggest problem-
– Representation
– Patterson• New jersey plan• Favors small states• States rights• 7 smallest states have
control of congress• Congressional laws
“supreme laws of land”• Similar to VA plan
– July 2• Grand committee
– One delegate from each state
• Connecticut Compromise “grand”– Senate: equal vote for each
state– HOR: proportional voting
• Approved Sept. 17, 1787
Powers• Congress
– Lay and collect taxes– Regulate interstate
commerce– Conduct diplomacy– Supreme law of the land
• States limits– Coin money– Interfere with contracts /
debts– Tax interstate commerce
• National government– Could use military force
against any state
• Restraint of power– Three separate branches– Judicial, legislative, executive
• Executive– Power to veto congress– Limit 4 years per term– No limit to terms– Elected by people and
electoral college• To limit mob rule
• Federalism– System of shared power and
dual lawmaking by national and state governments• Places limits on central
authority• National government:
– Foreign affairs, national defense, regulating interstate commerce, coining money
Dilemma: SlaveryShould they be counted as persons?3/5ths compromise
A slave represented 3/5ths of a personSlavery could be imported for 20 more years
End 1808
Struggle for ratification 1787-1788
Draft approved Sept 1787Sent to each state Population elected
conventionFederalists
Support constitution and strong gov’t
Advantages Political clout: GW, Ben
Franklin Political organization Most newspapers “pro”
constitution
Anti-federalistsConstitution would “doom”
statesSuspicion of central powerBelieved states’ gov’t more
responsive to the will of the people
Issue with no protection for individual rights
Disadvantages Lacked opp. Contacts and
experience at national level Failure to create sense of
urgency People: Patrick Henry, mercy
Otis warren, Henry Richard lee
Debate• Federalist Papers– Response to anti-federalists– 85 newspaper essays– Alexander Hamilton, John Jay,
James Madison– Arguments
• Concerns about powers and limits of new federal government
• Constitution had twofold purpose– Defend minority rights against
majority tyranny– Prevent stubborn majority from
blocking well considered measures necessary for national interests
– Federalist #10• Madison rejects anti-federalist
argument that establishing a republic for a nation as large as US would unleash chaotic contest for power
• Argues that size and diversity would neutralize factions
• Bill of Rights– For : Anti-federalist
• What was to stop government from becoming a tyranny
• BOR would protect Americans
– Against: Federalist• Congress elected by people
so they didn’t need protecting
• Better to assume all rights were protected than to create limited list of rights
Rethinking the U.S. Constitutional Convention• Who?– White, wealthy males
• Issues?– Slavery, taxation, suffrage, balance of powers
• Our convention– “invite” groups that were not represented– Focus:
• Slavery and suffrage• Homework:
– Key terms list– Read position, decide arguments (be sure to anticipate
opposition)– Write speech
• Should slavery be abolished?• Who should have the right to vote?
Debate• Questions
– Should slavery be abolished?• Slave trade?• Escaped slaves?• Formal proposal
– Who should be allowed to vote?• What role should gender, race, and property
ownership play in such a decision?• Formal proposal
QuestionsWhat did you learn from your participation in
the role play and preparation?
Given the different social groups in the United States at the time what do you think might have happened if other people were really given a voice at the convention?
Who wrote the constitution?
Looking ahead• May 1790– Last state, Rhode Island
enters the Union• Chapter 7: Launching
the New republic– Constitutional
government takes shape
– Hamilton and the formulation of federalist policies
– The united states on the world stage
– The emergence of party politics
– Economic and social change