Chapter 6

A New Industrial Age

The Expansion of Industry

Section 1

New Inventions

Inventor and Year

Inventions (Describe How it

Works)

Inventor and YearInventions

(Describe How it Works)

Effects of the Invention

Edwin L. Drake1859

Used a steam engine to drill for oil

Henry Bessemer and William Kelly1850

Bessemer Process – injects air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities

Christopher Sholes1867

Typewriter

Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson1876

Telephone

Thomas Alva Edison 1880

Incandescent Light BulbResearch laboratory used for creating safer and inexpensive innovations in electricity

Section Review – Question 5 Which inventon or development in

the section had the greatest impact on society?

Justify your choice with at least TWO facts/reasons.

Think About:The applications of these inventionsThe impact of inventions on people’s daily lives

The effect of inventions on the work place

The Age of the Railroads

Section 2

Problems with the Railroads Corruption schemes

formed Credit Mobilier: _____________

_________________________ Union Pacific Railroad

officers had made over $23 million in stocks

Vice-President Colfax and Congressman Garfield implicated

No penalty, just loss of reputation for the Republican party.

The Grange and the Railroads Farmer upset with railroads

Fixed pricing Various rates Misuse of grants

State legislators passed The Granger Laws “to establish a maximum freight and passenger

rates and prohibit discrimination” Munn v. Illinois: railroads fought the

constitutionality of the Granger Laws Supreme court upheld

Interstate Commerce Act Supreme court ruled that a state could not set

rates on interstate commerce. Congress passed the Interstate Commerce

Act Interstate commerce commission established Difficulty regulating due to fight from R.R.s Could not set maximum rates

Panic of 1893 caused many R.R.s to go bankrupt

2/3 will be controlled by seven powerful companies J.P. Morgan and Co.

Big Business and Labor

Section 3

Business Strategies Vertical Integration: a company buys out their

suppliers

Horizontal Integration: a company buys out, or merges with, its competitors

Business Strategies Monopoly: a complete control over an industry’s

production quality, price, and wages

Merger: the combination of two or more companies

Holding Company: a company that does nothing but buy out the stock of other companies

Trusts: a large corporation made up of many companies the receive dividends on profits earned by all companies combined

Social Darwinism Developed from Charles Darwin’s theory of

evolution (On the Origin of Species) Survival of the fittest Species evolve and adapt to their surroundings Natural selection weeds out the weaker species

Applied to society Used to justify laissez faire economics (gov. should

leave society alone to work out its own problems) Success and failure in business are governed by

natural law (gov. shouldn’t interfere) Riches were a sign of God’s grace and the poor

must be lazy or inferior

Business Titans

J.P. Morgan

Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller

Compare and Contrast Answer the following questions about your

assigned industrialist. What company did they own? What industry was it in? Which business strategies did they use and how?

Trusts Horizontal integration Vertical integration Holding companies

How did he spend his money?

Carnegie

RockefellerMorgan

Philanthropy The industrialists managed to give millions

away to charity.

Working Conditions

Long work weeks and days

No benefits Dirty, poor

ventilation Accidents and

injuries common Repetitive work Low wages

Everyone had to work in lower income families

Workers in a Birmingham button factory circa 1909

The Rise of Unions What message do

the images and slogans included in the poster convey to you?

What do you find most persuasive about this poster? Why?

Why do you think IWW posters were often called “silent agitators”?

Small, local unions since late 1700s First large scale was the National Labor Union

(NLU) in 1866 Lead to legalization of an 8-hour work day

Problems Short work day for gov. workers Segregation

Knights of Labor Strikes as last resort Equality

The Rise of Unions

The Rise of Unions

Craft Unions Industrial Unions Skilled workers from

trades Began by Samuel

Gompers American Federation

of Labor formed Used collective

bargaining to negotiate hours, conditions, and wages

Strikes gained higher wages and shorter work weeks.

All skilled laborers Eugene V. Debs –

began an industrial union (ARU)

Used strike to gain higher wages

Failure of future strikes

Socialism

Socialism – an economic and political system based on government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth Would result in the overthrow of capitalism Extreme form = communism (Karl Marx)

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Radical unionists and socialists Open to African-Americans One major strike victory

Strikes Many of the strikes turned violent

Strike Goals of the Strike Results of the Strike

Great Strike of 1877

The Haymarket Affair

The Homestead Strike

Pullman Company Strike

Study/Test Tips

Review: In developing your answers to extended responses,

be sure to keep these general definitions in mind:

a) discuss means “to make observations about something

using facts, reasoning, and arguments; to present in some

detail”

b) describe means “to illustrate something in words or tell

about it”

c) evaluate means “to examine and judge the significance,

worth, or condition of; to determine the value of”

d) show means “to point out; to set forth clearly a position or

idea by stating it an giving data which support it”