Chapter 6

Chapter 6U.S. History to 1877Mr. Chancery

Unit Two Alabama Course of Study

3. Trace the chronology of events leading to the American Revolution.

4. Describe the political system of the United States.

5. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court.

Chapter 6• The Washington

Administration• The Adams Administration• The Jefferson Administration• The Madison Administration

The Washington Administration

• Election of George Washington 1788

• Washington’s Cabinet• Hamilton and the

Treasury• Washington’s First

Administration

• French Revolution• Jay’s Treaty• Whiskey Rebellion• Development of

Political Parties• Washington’s

Farewell Address

The Election of George Washington 1788

• George Washington was elected as the nation’s first president in 1788.

• He was inaugurated on April 30, 1789.

• John Adams was elected as vice-president.

George Washington

John Adams

The Election of George Washington 1788

• Washington did not officially belong to a political party.

• His views usually sided with the Federalists.

• The Federalists maintained control of the government from 1789 until 1801.

• This period is known as the Federalist Era.

George Washington

John Adams

Washington’s Cabinet• Washington selected a Cabinet, a group of

advisors who head national agencies.• Washington appointed four men to his

cabinet:• Henry Knox—Secretary of War• Edmund Randolph—Attorney General:

“nation’s chief law officer and legal advisor”- 166.

• Thomas Jefferson— Secretary of State: nation’s chief diplomat in dealing with foreign relations

• Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury

Washington’s Cabinet

George Washington President

John AdamsVice

President

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of the Treasury

Edmund Randolph Attorney General

Henry KnoxSecretary

of War

Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of State

Hamilton and the Treasury• After the Revolutionary War,

both the nation and the states had a large debt to repay.

• Hamilton proposed the Assumption Plan.

• It called for the national government to assume (to take for its own) the war debts of the states.

Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton and the Treasury• The South opposed the plan

because it had paid most of its debts back.

• Thomas Jefferson, a Virginian, also opposed the plan.

• Hamilton, Jefferson, and their supporters made a compromise: • Jefferson would support the

Assumption Plan.• Hamilton would support moving

the capital to a more southern location.

Thomas Jefferson

Hamilton and the Treasury• Hamilton also proposed the

Whiskey Excise Tax.• The revenue would help pay off the

national debt.• Whiskey was very important to

economy, especially in Pennsylvania.• Whiskey was one of the few products

that could be transported to the markets without spoiling.

Hamilton and the Treasury• Hamilton also proposed the creation of a

national bank.• Creating a national bank was a constitutional

issue.• Alexander Hamilton used the elastic clause to

justify creating a bank. • Hamilton supported a “loose construction”

view of the Constitution.• Jefferson did not believe the Constitution gave

the government power to create a national bank.• Jefferson supported a “strict construction”

view of the Constitution.• He believed the Constitution did not specifically

give Congress that power.

Thomas Jefferson“Strict Construction”

View of the Constitution

Thomas Jefferson“Strict Construction”


Alexander Hamilton“Loose Construction”


Washington’s First Administration• Washington realized his

administration was establishing precedents for how to govern.

• “A precedent is an act or statement that becomes an example, rule, or tradition to be followed.”

• Washington was unanimously reelected in 1792 to a second term.

• Washington faced more criticism.

George Washington

The French Revolution• The French Revolution had begun

shortly after George Washington took office in 1789.

• Most Americans supported the French Revolution at first.

• By 1793, radicals in France had seized control.

• They began the Reign of Terror.

The French Revolution• The revolutionary

government executed thousands of people.

• King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were also executed.

• Americans soon became divided over the French Revolution.

Queen Marie Antoinette

Execution of King Louis XVI

The French Revolution• France declared war on

Britain.• The U.S. did not want to

take sides in the war between Britain and France.

Queen Marie Antoinette

The French Revolution• George Washington issued a

proclamation of neutrality on April 22, 1793.

• The U.S. wanted to keep trading with both the French and the British.

• Thomas Jefferson was pro-French and wanted America to support France.

• Alexander Hamilton was pro-British and wanted America to support Britain.

Thomas JeffersonAlexander Hamilton

The French Revolution• In 1793, “Citizen”

Edmond Genêt became the French ambassador to the U.S.

• He tried to recruit Americans to fight with the French against the British.

• George Washington asked France to recall its ambassador.“Citizen”

Edmond Genêt

The French Revolution• While Genêt was in the

U.S., France had restored the monarchy.

• Genêt was afraid to return to France for fear of his life.

• Washington allowed him to stay in the U.S. if he lived a quiet life out of politics.

“Citizen”Edmond Genêt

Jay’s Treaty• Great Britain violated U.S.

neutrality.• The British Royal Navy

seized American ships trading in the French West Indies.

• In 1794, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to Britain to negotiate a treaty.

John Jay

Jay’s Treaty

• Both sides made concessions in Jay’s Treaty:• The British promised to pay damages for

the recent seizures of American ships.• If American ships were captured carrying

French goods, then the British could take the ships to British ports and seize the property on board.

John Jay

Jay’s Treaty

• Jay’s Treaty was very unpopular in the U.S.

• It did not protect American shipping.

• An effigy of John Jay was burned after the treaty.

• Jay’s Treaty postponed war with Britain.

• It also gave the U.S. time to strengthen its military.

John Jay

Whiskey Rebellion• In western Pennsylvania, many people

refused to pay Hamilton’s Whiskey Excise Tax.

• Rebels used violence similar to Shays’ Rebellion.

• This rebellion was called the Whiskey Rebellion.

• President Washington sent an army to the Pittsburgh area to crush the rebellion.

• It proved the strength of the federal government when the rebels dispersed before Washington’s troops arrived.

Washington’s troops going to crush the Whiskey Rebellion

Development of Political Parties• By the end of Washington’s second term, it

was obvious that two political parties were beginning to form.

• “A political party is a group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to shape government policy and programs.”

George Washington

Development of Political Parties

• The two groups began to organize themselves behind two influential men: • Alexander Hamilton• Thomas Jefferson.

• The Federalists supported Alexander Hamilton.

• The Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson.

Thomas Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton

Development of Political Parties• They called themselves

Republicans or Democratic-Republicans.

• They stood for a more democratic republic.

• To avoid confusion, historians call them the Jeffersonian Republicans.

• This party is not the same Republican Party as today.

Thomas Jefferson

Washington’s Farewell Address

• President Washington decided not to run for a third term in 1796.

• Washington gave his Farewell Address in 1796.

• He warned against the formation of political parties.

• He also supported neutrality in foreign affairs.

George Washington

6.2 The Adams Administration

• The Election of 1796• The XYZ Affair• The Alien and Sedition

Acts• Kentucky and Virginia

Resolutions• Election of 1800

The Election of 1796• The Federalists supported

John Adams for President in the election of 1796.

• The Federalists supported Thomas Pinckney for Vice President.

John Adams

Thomas Pinckney

The Election of 1796• Democratic Republicans

supported Thomas Jefferson for President.

• They supported Aaron Burr who ran for Vice President.

• John Adams won the election with 71 electoral votes.

• Thomas Jefferson received 68 electoral votes.

Thomas Jefferson

Aaron Burr

The Election of 1796• Originally, the Constitution gave the Vice

Presidency to the person who received the second highest number of electoral votes.

• For the first and only time in American history, the United States had a president of one party and a vice president of another party.

The XYZ Affair• The French were upset

because of the Jay’s Treaty with Britain.

• France began seizing American ships and imprisoning American sailors.

• John Adams tried to avoid war by sending representatives to France to negotiate a treaty.

• This decision was unpopular.• Many Federalists wanted to go

to war with France.

John Jay

John Adams

The XYZ Affair• The representatives arrived

in France.• Three men claimed to speak

for the French foreign minister Talleyrand.

• They demanded that the U.S. give France a bribe (or tribute) of $250,000 and a loan of $12 million.

• The money had to be paid before beginning negotiations.Charles Maurice de

Talleyrand-Périgord

The XYZ Affair• This was a standard

procedure in European diplomacy.

• Adams was informed how the American representatives had been treated.

• He informed Congress that attempts for peace with France had failed.

• He also said that the U.S. should begin preparing for war.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

The XYZ Affair• The pro-French Democratic

Republicans thought Adams was rushing into war.

• They demanded to see the official records from the representatives.

• After changing the names of the 3 agents to X, Y, and Z, Adams agreed to print the records.

The XYZ Affair• After reading the records, the

Democratic Republicans realized that demanding copies of the records was a mistake.

• Adams ordered 10,000 copies of the XYZ Affair.

• The printing resulted in increased support for war with the French and heightened Adams’ popularity.

The XYZ Affair• The XYZ Affair led to an

undeclared naval war with France.

• Most Americans became anti-French and supported war against France.

• John Adams made preparations for war.

The XYZ Affair• He made another attempt at

peace with France.• His decision was unpopular.• It was good for the country.

• It prevented full scale war with France.

• John Adams lost the support of the Federalist Party.

Alien and Sedition Acts• The Federalists in Congress took advantage of

the war crisis and moved to weaken their opponents.

• Congress passed the Alien Acts.• The Naturalization Act increased the time it took

a person to become an American citizen from 5 to 14 years.

• Through the Alien and the Alien Enemies Act, the President could imprison or deport citizens of other countries living in the United States.

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Congress passed the Sedition Act:• It banned people from writing, speaking, or

publishing any words against the American government.

• Violators could be fined or jailed. • Twenty-five Americans were arrested (Ten were

convicted) as a result.• Most of the people who were arrested were

Republican newspaper editors.• The Democratic Republicans would use these

laws to discredit the Federalists in the Election of 1800.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

• Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wrote the resolutions.

• They implied that the states had the power to decide when Congress had exceeded its authority.

• Kentucky and Virginia claimed to be able to nullify federal laws which they considered unconstitutional.

Thomas Jefferson

James Madison

The Election of 1800

• John Adams faced several disadvantages in the election of 1800:• Adams lost Federalist

support by avoiding war with France.

• The Alien and Sedition Acts turned the Jeffersonian Republicans against him completely.

John Adams

The Election of 1800• The campaign was bitter:

• Jefferson’s campaign compared Adams’ to a powerful dictator.

• Adams’s campaign claimed that Jefferson would send the nation into anarchy.

The Election of 1800• No candidate received the

majority of the electoral votes.

• Jefferson won the popular vote.

• He did not win a majority in the Electoral College.

• He tied with his vice presidential running mate, Aaron Burr.

Thomas Jefferson

Aaron Burr

The Election of 1800• The Constitution dictates that the House of

Representatives must choose the president when no candidate receives the required majority of the Electoral votes.

• It took thirty-six ballots before Jefferson was finally elected.

• Alexander Hamilton told his followers to elect Jefferson over Aaron Burr.

• Jefferson took the oath of office on March 4, 1801.

The Election of 1800• The Election of 1800 was the first

peaceful transfer of power from one party to another under the Constitution.• The Jeffersonian Republicans took

control of the government without violence.

• The peaceful transfer of power proved that the Constitution was practical.

6.3 The Jefferson Administration• The “Revolution” of 1800• Jefferson’s Style and

Beliefs• Judicial Review• The Louisiana Purchase• Lewis and Clark Expedition• The Burr and Hamilton

Controversy• The Embargo of 1807

The “Revolution of 1800”

• Jefferson referred to his election as the “Revolution of 1800.”

• The most revolutionary aspect of the election was the peaceful transfer of power from one party to another.

• It showed that the new American system of government would work effectively.

Jefferson’s Style and Beliefs

• Jefferson had a simple agenda.• An agenda is a list of things that one wants to

accomplish. • He wanted to reduce the size the national

government.• Jefferson reduced taxes and cut the size of

the federal bureaucracy.• The bureaucracy is “the departments and

workers that make up the federal government.”

• Jefferson’s style and dress were very informal.

Judicial Review• Just before he left office,

Adams appointed Federalist judges to federal courts who would serve for life.

• These judges were called midnight judges because Adams worked late into the night making the appointments.

• Jefferson tried to deny the appointments of some midnight judges.

Judicial Review• He wanted to appoint

judges with his own political views.

• William Marbury sued the new Secretary of State James Madison for not making Marbury’s appointment official.

• The name of the court case was Marbury v. Madison.

James Madison

Judicial Review• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the

Supreme Court could not force the executive branch to accept William Marbury’s appointment.

• In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court established the power of judicial review.

• Judicial Review is the idea that the courts decide the constitutionality of an issue.

• It also allows the federal courts to evaluate the constitutionality of state laws and state court decisions.

The Louisiana Purchase• Spain ceded the Louisiana Territory to

Napoleon and the French in the Treaty of Ildefonso of 1800.

• The French began charging fees for American merchants to pass through New Orleans.

• Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to France to purchase New Orleans for as much as $10 million.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Not Napoleon Dynamite!

Monroe and Livingston negotiating the Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase• Napoleon offered to sale the

entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million.

• Monroe and Livingston were not authorized to make such a deal.

• They looked to Jefferson for direction.

James Monroe

The Louisiana Purchase• Jefferson had always advocated strict

construction of the Constitution.• The Constitution does not specifically mention

that the national government could acquire foreign territory.

• Jefferson had to act quickly because Napoleon could withdraw his offer.

The Louisiana Purchase• Jefferson submitted the treaty to the Senate

anyway.• The purchase of the Louisiana Territory more

than doubled the area of the United States.• It also increased the national debt.

Lewis and Clark Expedition• Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory.

• They were helped by a Native American woman named Sacajawea.

• The Lewis and Clark expedition lasted for two years.

• They helped map the Louisiana territory.

Lewis and Clark

Meriwether Lewis William Clark

The Burr and Hamilton Controversy• Federalists opposed the Louisiana Purchase.• Vice President Aaron Burr tried to run for

governor of New York.• Alexander Hamilton blocked Burr’s bid for

the Federalist nomination.• Aaron Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel.

Aaron Burr

Alexander Hamilton

• Burr killed Hamilton along with his own political career.

• Jefferson won a landslide victory in the 1804 election.

The Burr and Hamilton Controversy

Hamilton–Burr Duel

The Embargo of 1807

• Jefferson’s domestic policies were popular.

• His foreign policy was less popular.

• British and French ships continued to violate U.S. neutrality.

The Embargo of 1807

• In the Embargo Act of 1807, Jefferson thought imposing an embargo on most foreign countries would punish the British and French.

• An embargo is “a restriction on trade.”

The Embargo of 1807

• American merchants hated the embargo because it minimized their profits.

• Other Americans resisted the government’s interference in the economy.

• The embargo ruined Jefferson’s second term.

Thomas Jefferson Memorial

6.4 The Madison Administration• The Election of

1808• Foreign Relations• The War of 1812• Results of the War

of 1812

The Election of 1808• The Republicans defeated their

Federalist opponents in the presidential election.

• James Madison won the presidency.

• George Clinton won the vice presidency.

• George Clinton had died in April of 1812

• Madison would also win the election of 1812 with Elbridge Gerry as his running mate.

James Madison

Foreign Relations• Britain continued the practice of

impressments.• Impressment is “the act of forcing

people into military service.”• Americans who supported a war with

Britain were called “War Hawks.”• Congress, at President James

Madison’s request, declared war on Britain.

• It became known as the War of 1812.

The War of 1812• It was also considered America’s “Second

War for Independence.”• Opponents of the war called it “Mr.

Madison’s War.”• The United States had only a small army and

navy. • The Americans and the British exchanged

victories both on land and at sea.

USS Constitution in 1997

The War of 1812• The British blockaded the American

east coast.• The blockade resulted in an increase in

American manufacturing.• Some Native American tribes

supported the British.

The War of 1812• This resulted in the Creek

War as part of the War of 1812.oWilliam Henry Harrison

defeated British and Indian troops at the Battle of the Thames in October 1813.

o The Indians at the Battle of Thames were led by Tecumseh.

The War of 1812oGeneral Andrew

Jackson defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814.

o This battle took place in Alabama.

o The Treaty of Fort Jackson forced the Creeks to give up most of their land claims to the area.

The War of 1812• In the summer of 1814, British

troops burned Washington, D.C.• President Madison and his wife had to

flee from the White House. • The British burned the White House

and the Capitol.• The British went to Baltimore after

destroying Washington.• The Americans stopped the British

advance at Baltimore.

The War of 1812• The British attacked

Fort McHenry all night on September 13, 1814.

• Francis Scott Key was an American lawyer aboard a British ship during the attack.

• He wrote a poem known today as “Star-Spangled Banner.”

The War of 1812• Some New England called the

Hartford Convention to consider seceding from the nation in December 1814.

• Instead of secession, the convention proposed constitutional amendments that would increase New England’s political power.

The War of 1812• The Treaty of Ghent officially ended

the War of 1812 on December 24, 1814.

• The treaty restored the boundaries between the United States and the British territory as they were before the war.

• The treaty did not address the main causes of the war like impressment.

The War of 1812• News of the treaty did not

reach the United States for some time.

• General Andrew Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

• The war’s best known battle occurred after the official end to the War of 1812.

The War of 1812• The Battle of New Orleans

raised morale and patriotism.

• Though the War of 1812 was a stalemate, many Americans believed the United States had won the war.

Results of the War of 1812• The U.S. demonstrated that it could

defend itself.• American manufacturing increased as a

result of the British blockade.• The Federalist Party lost support and

would soon die.• Americans gained a strong sense of

nationalism.

Chapter 6

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