1. Settlers in the Ohio Valley 1730-1755: Transitional period. Lifestyle on frontier was changing. Transients: Explorers who investigated the land, then moved on to new lands. Settlers: wanted permanency. Frontier continued to move west with more settlers.

2. Conflicting Land Claims Rivalry between France andGreat Britain Series of wars for 100 years Seven Years War:(1756-1763) Last seven years of the wars and fighting in Europe Known as the French and Indian War in North America 3. Think ahead: 1. Why is the war known as the French and IndianWar? Why not the British and French War?2. What are allies?3. Who become allies, when fighting occurs in NorthAmerica? French and Native Americans? British and Native Americans? No allies. Everyone fights against everyone? 4. Claims of the Ohio RiverValley de 1669: French Robert CavelierLa Salles exploration of the OhioRiver 1671: British - Batts and Fallamexploration of New River Waters flow into the Kanawha, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers. 1749: French strengthened Celeron de Blainville buried leadplates along the Ohio River 5. Lead Plate found in Point Pleasant 6. Lead Plate Translation In the year 1749, reign of Louis XV., King of France, We,Celeron, commandant of a detachment sent by Monsieur theMarquis de la Galissoniere, Commandant General of NewFrance, to re-establish tranquillity in some Indian villages ofthese cantons, have buried this plate at the mouth of the riverChinodashichetha, the 18th August, near the river Ohio,otherwise Beautiful River, as a monument of renewal ofpossessions, which we have taken of the said river Ohio, and ofall those which fall into it, and of all the lands on both sides, asfar as to the sources of said rivers; the same as were enjoyed orought to have been enjoyed, by the preceding Kings of France,and that they have maintained it by their arms and by treaties,especially by those of Ryswick, Utrecht, and Aix-la- Chapelle. 7. Views on Treaties andLand Ownership Indians: British: Avoided difficulties by Treaties are seen as the negotiating treaties withend of warfare or as Indianstrade agreements Treaties had nothing to Used treaties to takedo with land ownership control of property Saw treaties as Saw treaties as bindingchangeable. French: Permanent ownership of land was not a major consideration. More interested in fur trade. Did not pose a threat to Indians. 8. Setting the Scene Nemacolin Path: Path cut by Nemacolin (Delaware Indian) and Thomas Cresap Wills Creek in Cumberland, Maryland to beginning of Ohio River, near Pittsburgh. Brought French and British into direct contact with the Ohio Valley Treaty of Logstown: Signed by Christopher Gist of the Ohio Land Company, Delaware, and Shawnee tribes Gave Virginia control of the Ohio Valley 9. Treaty ofLogstown 10. Governor DinwiddiesProposal (1753) Virginian GovernorRobert Dinwiddie: Diplomatic mission to FortLeBouef, near Lake Erie. Led by 21 year old GeorgeWashington. Mission was to ask theFrench to leave the OhioValley 11. George Washington Followed the Nemacolin Path to the forks of the Ohio River where Monongahela and Allegheny rivers meet. There, joined by: Christopher Gist, Ohio LandCompany Jacob Van Braam, Frenchinterpreter Half King, Indian chieftainand guide 12. Fort LeBouef 13. George Washington atFort LeBouef Washington met withFrench leader, JacquesLegardeur de Saint Pierre Dinwiddies proposal wasrejected Group prepared to gohome. Found out that the French had bribed the Half-King to convince him to stay with them. (didnt succeed) 14. War Breaks Out Captain William Trent Ordered by Dinwiddie to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio River. May 1754: Washington sent asback up. Learns of Trents defeat French destroyed Britishs partially built fort Replaced with Fort Duquesne French actions are considered an act of war. Washington prepares to march against the French. 15. Let the War Begin! Washington and 40 men French scouting party Skirmish is over in 15minutes: Washingtons troops had killed 10 men, including French leader, Joseph Coulon de Villers de Jumonville. Marks the beginning of theFrench and Indian War. 16. Jumonvilles Death Think it out: What does John Shaws account about Jumonvilles death prove about the war? From what you know about the war, which side would you fight for? 17. Advantages French: British: Larger land claim Larger population Already-existing Powerful Iroquoissystem of forts in thealliesOhio Valley Control of the oceans Majority of Indian Population that wasalliesconcentrated in a very Superior military small areaofficers and army. Desire to protect theirown property 18. Disadvantages French: British: Sparse Population Military organization Soldiers with no Poorly organizedpersonal interest in thefrontier volunteersland Less qualified officers. Poor lines of supply 19. Battle at Fort Necessity Immediate retaliation from theFrench: Set out in search of those responsible for Jumonvilles death Washington ordered thecompletion of Fort Necessity atGreat Meadows July 3, 1754: 1,600 French soldiers and Indians; 300 British men 1/3 of Washingtons men were sick or wounded Washington surrendered 20. Terms of Surrender Washington was required toleave the Ohio Valley andnot return to build forts fora year. Washington agreed toreturn all prisoners taken inJumonville battle. French agreed to return FortDuquesne and build nomore forts in the OhioValley 21. Battle of theMonongahela Dinwiddie asked the Kingof England forreinforcements. Sent two regiments ofBritish Regulars General Edward Braddock Started training 1,000 Virginia Militia disliked them, and saw them as undisciplined Aided by Colonel George Washington 22. Braddocks force All met at Fort Made up of: Cumberland, then 1,400 British soldiers headed to Fort 60 sailors Duquesne 2,400 colonial troops 300 Indians 150 wagons 2,000 horses 23. Braddocks Road 24. Braddocks Defeat 25. The Shawnee andMary Draper Ingles Attacked a settlement at Drapers Meadows theday before Braddocks defeat. Killed many and took prisoners: Took Mrs. William Ingles (Mary Draper Ingles), her two sons, her sister-in-law (Mrs. Mary Draper), and Henry Lenard prisoners. Mary Ingles gave birth to her third child a few days after her abduction. Group was split up; Mary Ingles and her baby were taken to a salt lick near Cincinnati, Ohio. 26. Escape Mary Ingles and a Dutch womanmanaged to escape. Mary left her baby behind. They had no supplies Lived off the land: ate berries andnuts Followed the rivers for six weeksand covered 500 miles. The Dutch woman turned on her,even tried to kill Mary. They separated, but both reachedDrapers Meadow. 27. NativeAmericansFight Back Major Andrew Lewis and a After Braddocks defeat, theIndians waged war against company of militia were sentbeyond the Ohio River. (340the settlers. men) Pioneers took refuge in Ran short of supplies.forts: Made canoes to try to save Fort Pleasant, Edwards what they had, but hit rapids and lost most of what they Fort, Formans Fort, Evans had. Fort, Fort Ashby Men threatened to desert. Settlers asked for help from Lewis disbanded men in atDinwiddieDevon in Mingo county. Never reached Shawnee towns. 28. Tides of War April 1756 Group of French and Indians attacked Edwards Fort inHampshire County. Totally wiped out British forces Four months later, Dinwiddie issued a formal declaration ofwar. May 1758 Band of Shawnee attacked Fort Seybert in PendletonCounty Indians promised that if the frontiersmen surrendered, their lives would be spared. It was a trick. All eleven who surrendered were put to death. 29. Success with William Pitt British government put William Pitt in charge ofthe war. Pitt Reorganized forces, poured money and supplies into the war effort, and instantly saw positive results. July 26, 1758: British defeat French at Louisburgand Fort Frontenac. British gained control over Lake Ontario French stopped from reinforcing their forts in the Ohio Valley British moved toward Ft. Duquesne, but Frenchblew it up and left. British rebuilt it and renamed it Fort Pitt. 30. Battle of Quebec British victories at Ft. Niagara, Ft.Ticonderoga, and Crown Point precededthe Battle of Quebec. September 12, 1759, Quebec Both French and British generals werekilled. French retreat signaled beginning of theend of the French empire in NorthAmerica. Great Britain gained control of all of theland east of the Mississippi River. British won the war. 31. Journal Entry You are a soldier during the French and Indian War.Choose one battle and write a letter to someone inyour family about your experiences throughout thebattle. It must be historically accurate, use realnames, and real events. Have fun with it! This is your chance to express youropinions about which side you would choose to fightwith, brutality of the battles, and your own ideasabout what may work better when fighting.