Chapter 6

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April 6, 1789 Washington is unanimously elected president

Washington was reluctant, he feared people would think he wanted to be king

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Needed to make decisions about policies and procedures

210 proposed amendments to the Constitution 10 were ratified and became The Bill of Rights

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Congress creates a federal court system federal district court for each state 5 justices of the supreme court

• appointed by the president and approved by the senate

John Jay becomes the first Chief Justice

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Congress three departments to assist the president known as the presidential cabinet• State Department-Thomas Jefferson• War Department-Henry Knox• Treasury Department-Alexander Hamilton

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Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Secretary of War Henry Knox Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton

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Hamilton needed more money to pay the national debt and asked congress to tax domestic items• Most notably whiskey

Most farmers turned surplus grain into whiskey• They were not happy about the tax

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75 men in PA were ordered to appear court for not paying the tax

500 men attacked federal officials tarring and feathering some

These protesters organized 6,000 people to march on Philadelphia

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Washington called on militias from Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia• Many men refused the call

Washington assembled 13,000• The threat of force forced the rebels to quickly

disappear Only about 20 were captured

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US is still battling Native forces for land

Fighting against a confederation of tribes led by “Little Turtle”

Britain supplied natives

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Battle of Fallen Timbers Summer of 1794 the confederation is defeated

by Anthony Wayne’s forces near Toledo, Ohio

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Treaty of Greenville 1795 over 1,000 tribal leaders enter

negotiations with US US received the title to the present-day land of

Ohio and part of Indiana Indians received $20,000 in goods and claim

to the land they still held

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Britain agreed to stop arming the Natives U.S. agreed to pay debt owed to Britain The British do not stop Jay is accused of being a traitor

• Mobs burn his effigy The Senate ratified the treaty Washington had prevented war and shipping

trade increased

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Washington decided not to seek a third term Washington also warned of the dangers of

political parties Sectionalism was strong in the US and two

parties were formed• Federalists• Democratic-Republicans

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1. Who led the Federalists?2. Where were the Federalists popular?3. Who supported the federalists?4. Who led the Democratic

Republicans?5. Where were the Democratic

Republicans popular?6. Who supported Democratic

Republicans?Page 197

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Federalists John Adams and Charles Pinckney vs. Democratic Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

Republicans accused Adams of being “partially for a monarchy”

Federalists accused Jefferson of plotting a “Reign of Terror”

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The constitution stated the winner becomes president and the runner-up is VP

Hamilton plotted against Adams by persuading southern Federalists to vote for Pinckney

Adams elected President Jefferson Elected Vice President

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Section 3

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Republicans- Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr

Federalist-John Adams & Charles Pinckney

The Republicans won control of Congress

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Neither the Republicans or Federalists had a formal ticket that specified who was running for President and who was running for V.P.

Jefferson and Burr both won the same amount of Electoral votes for President

The House of Representatives had to break the tie

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35 votes fail to break the tie Hamilton preferred Jefferson over Burr Hamilton convinces some Federalists to vote

for Jefferson Hamilton and Burr feud until 1804 when they

decided to duel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLSsswr6z

9Y

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The Twelfth Amendment Ratified in 1804 It requires electors to vote for president and

vice president on separate ballotsJudicial Review Principal established by Chief Justice John

Marshal The courts had the power to declare an act of

Congress unconstitutional

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First time judicial review was used Jefferson and Sec. of State James Madison

refused to allow William Marbury to take office

A case cannot go directly to the Supreme Court

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It belonged to Spain since 1762 Napoleon gained the land from Spain Jefferson sends James Monroe to Paris to buy

New Orleans and Western Florida for $10 million

Napoleon agrees to sell the Louisiana Territory for $15 million• $.03 an acre $18.29 sq mile

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Meriwether Lewis and William Clark are sent to map the territory

45 others join them They leave from St. Louis in 1804 The Mandan and Shoshoni Indians aided the

team

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A French Canadian and his Shoshoni wife Sacagawea helped as guides and interpreters

Sacagawea• Best places to fish• Where to hunt• Find wild vegetables

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They returned with• Plant and animal specimens• Animal bones• Animal pelts• Mineral samples

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Added all or part of 13 future states Doubled the size of the US Removed France from North America Opened up new land for settlement

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Section 4

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Pirates wanted tribute for passage through the Mediterranean Sea

Jefferson sends warships to the Barbary Coast (Algiers, Morocco, Tunis, and Tripoli)

The attacks were successful and future ships were granted fair passage

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The British passed the Orders of Council which forbade any neutral vessels from trading with France

Napoleon threatened to seize any ships cooperating with the British

Summer 1807 Britain has a shortage of sailors in its navy

Britain steps up the practice of impressment• Forcing American sailors to serve in the British navy•10,000 Americans would be impressed

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June 22, 1807 HMS Leopard demands the right to board the USS Chesapeake

The captain of the Chesapeake refuses and the British open fire

3 men are killed 18 wounded, the British seize 4 sailors as deserters (3 were American born)

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Jefferson was outraged, but wanted to remain neutral from affairs in Europe

Congress passes the Embargo Act of 1807 which stopped shipments of food and other American goods to all foreign ports.

Merchants opposed the act

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From 1807-1808 exports fall from $108 million to $22 million

Congress repeals the Embargo Act on June 1809 and passes the Non-Intercourse Act which prohibited trade with Britain and France

It did little to resolve conflicts

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1. Which Native Americans wanted to stop American Expansion?

2. Why were they angry?3. What happened at the Battle of

Tippecanoe?Page 215

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Americans wanted war with Britain because they supplied Indians weaponry and impressing American sailors

Members of Congress Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina called for war

They became known as war hawks.

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To reduce tensions the British repealed the Orders of Council

President Madison asks Congress for a declaration of war before the news of the repeal reaches the US

Congress supported the declaration

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Madison ordered a 3 prong attack into Canada• Montreal• The Niagara Frontier• The Detroit Frontier

The campaign was an eventual failure

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US frigates won some battles at the beginning of the war

Privateers disrupted British commerce by raiding ships in the Caribbean and near Britain

1813 Captain Oliver Hazard Perry wins control of lake Erie

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The Battle of Thames General William Henry Harrison takes 3,000

troops and defeats British troops and their Native American allies

The British no longer have control in the Northwest Territory

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Britain’s war with France ends in 1814 13,000 reinforcements are sent to America They plan a 3 pronged attack

• North from Canada• South into New Orleans• East at the Chesapeake

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August 24, 1814 British forces strike Washington

They burn political buildings including the executive mansion (white house)

Dolly Madison manages to save Gilbert Stewart’s portrait of George Washington

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British troops moved from Washington DC towards Baltimore

British ships bombarded Fort McHenry The fort withstood the attack The failed attack on Baltimore ended the

Chesapeake campaign Francis Scott Key writes “The Spangled

Banner” after witnessing the battle

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Signed December 24, 1814 in Belgium The news of the treaty and the victory in New

Orleans reaches Washington around the same time

Treaty did not solve the impressment problem or trade embargoes

Strengthened control over the Northwest Territory

Made peace with Britain

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British send 7,500 men to attack New Orleans American Forces are led by Andrew Jackson

• Jackson has 5,000 men (militia, slaves, pirates) Jackson has his men dig embankments

fortified with cannons

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January 8, 1814 US troops easily win because of their dug in position

British 2,037 casualties (291 dead) Americans 71 casualties (13 dead)

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The war split the country politically New England federalists opposed the war

• Some New Englanders met in Hartford CT to discuss making a separate peace with Britain

• Some considered succession from the Union The Hartford Convention voted against

succession

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The Hartford Convention proposed amendments to the Constitution that would limit the power of Congress and Southern states

The Hartford Convention was seen as treasonous

The Federalist party would not recover and collapsed

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Jefferson’s philosophy on the interpretation of the Constitution is strict construction

Jefferson believes that the constitution should be taken literally and interpreted as written

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Hamilton believed in the philosophy of Loose Construction in which government can do anything the Constitution does not forbid.

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1. What problems existed in France in the late 1780s?

2. What was the reign of terror?3. Who would fear a revolution in France?

Why?4. What was America’s reaction to the French

Revolution?5. What effect did the French Revolution have

on the United States?

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Sec 2

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1780s in France Unemployment ran high Crop failure in 1788 resulted in food shortage People felt the king and queen did not care

about their problems

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May 1789 Louis XVI met with representatives from France’s 3 major estates• Nobility• Clergy• Commoners

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Louis XVI wanted to raise taxes Nobility and Clergy refused to give up certain

privileges The third estate form a National Assembly and

plan to write a constitution

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July 14, 1789 members of the third estate storm the Bastille

The rebellion turns into a blood bath known as The Reign of Terror

As many as 40,000 people were executed including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

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Austria, Great Britain, The Netherlands, Prussia, and Spain declare war on France in 1792

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Mixed emotions Some were pleased France was following the

example of the American revolution Others were appalled that French liberty was

being won through decapitation

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Disruption of trade U.S. declares itself neutral France and Britain ignore the declaration of

neutrality Britain starts a policy of impressment

• Britain kidnaps American sailors and forces them to serve in the navy

• 10,000 American sailors were impressed

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French diplomat to the United States He wanted to persuade Americans to honor

the 1778 military treaty with France Washington knew the U.S. was unprepared for

war April 22, 1793 Washington issues a

proclamation forbidding U.S. support for any nation at war

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Along with seizing sailors and ships Britain was supplying Native Americans with weapons in the Northwest territory from British forts

This violated the Treaty of Paris Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to

Britain to negotiate peace

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Led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams Supported by merchants, manufacturers,

church leaders, and lawyers from New England Expected the rich to supply national leadership

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Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Supported by planters, small farmers, wage

earners, artisans, workers and trades people mainly from the frontier, the South, and Midwest

Wanted to protect states’ rights and individual liberties and limit the power of the federal government

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Questions1.What is the Orders in Council?2.How does France react to the Orders

of Council?3.What was the Embargo Act of 1807

and why was it put in place?4.What was the Non-Intercourse Act?5.What was the result of the Battle of

Tippecanoe?

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Tecumseh a Shawnee leader united tribes east of the Mississippi River

General William Henry Harrison takes troops to attack Indian forces near the Tippecanoe River in the Indiana Territory

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Nov. 7 1811 Indian forces attack Harrison’s camp• Indian forces were supplied with British Weapons

Harrison’s forces sustain heavy damage, but win the Battle of Tippecanoe

Tecumseh’s federation is shattered

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Hamilton wanted to establish economic policies that helped business and industry

Hamilton was influenced by Adam Smith who supported capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on a free market and private ownership of money

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Hamilton wants to pay the national debt Restore the nations credit and pay war bonds The federal government took over about $21.5

million in state debts• Southern states had already paid their debt and were

upset by the decision

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1. What is strict construction and who believes in it?

2. What is loose construction and who believes in it?

3. Why did Hamilton believe we needed a National Bank? Who agreed with him?

4. Page 195

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Hamilton asked congress to create the Bank of the United States

This national bank would have central banks and branches in major cities • a safe place to deposit government funds• Uniform currency• A source for loans to assist the government

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Southern farmers feared the bank Thomas Jefferson believed it was illegal

because the Constitution did not give the government the power to set up a bank

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Hamilton argued that the power to collect taxes and borrow money could only be properly exercised with a national bank

Washington agreed with Hamilton Congress charted the bank in 1791 with the

right to operate for 20 years The bank would be jointly owned by the

government and private investors

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White settlers start to move west into the northwest territory

1,500 members of various tribes joined together to form a confederation to defend their homeland• The group was led by Little Turtle

1791 Little Turtle’s forces defeated US troops in a battle along the Wabash River

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The defeat stunned the government Washington called for 3,000 troops to protect

the frontier British supplied Little Turtle with supplies Little Turtle wanted to negotiate peace Other chiefs disagreed and Little Turtle

stepped down

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Spain shifts alliances and joins France Spain fears a US alliance with Britain could

threaten Spanish territory in America Spain decides to settle dispute with the US The Pinckney’s Treaty is signed in 1795

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Placed the boundary between the US and Spanish Florida at the 31st parallel

Guaranteed US navigation rights on the Mississippi River

The treaty gave America the Rights of Deposit which gave the right to unload goods at New Orleans without paying a duty to Spain

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The French viewed Jay’s Treaty and US neutrality as evidence the US was pro-British

France began to seize American ships The French foreign minister demanded the US

publically apologize for anti-French remarks made by Adams, a multimillion dollar loan, and a bribe of $240,000 for the foreign minister

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Adams published the French demands using X, Y, and Z for the three agents names

The American public was outraged• “millions for defense but not one cent for tribute

Congress responded to the XYZ affair by creating a Navy department, building warships, fortified harbors, and strengthened the army

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The act was passed by the Federalist majority congress

The serious of laws was meant to protect the nation and weaken the Republican party

The Alien Act and The Alien Enemies Act authorized the president to imprison or expel all foreigners he believed was a threat to the peace and safety of the US

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The Sedition Act targeted US citizens Anyone who wrote, said, or printed anything

“false, scandalous, and malicious” about the government, Congress, or the president “with intent to defame” could be fined and jailed

Immigrants who often voted Republican had to live in the US 14 years instead of 5 to become a citizen

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Republican newspaper editors and politicians were arrested• 25 indicted and 10 were convicted• The best known was Matthew Lyon who was jailed for

4 months and fined $1,000 The act threatened Freedom of Speech and

Freedom of Press which were 2 rights guaranteed by the First Amendment

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Republicans voiced their protest Denounced the Alien and Sedition Act as

unconstitutional Federalists controlled most of States

governments and the resolutions failed to win wide support

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