Chapter 5 Word formation - · PDF fileChapter 5 Word formation. ... living language Different...
Transcript of Chapter 5 Word formation - · PDF fileChapter 5 Word formation. ... living language Different...
Etymology
•The word etymology is derived from the Greek etumos which means real or true. The ending -logy suggests the study/science of something, as in biology or geology.
•Etymology is the study of the origins and history of words.
Etymology
• tele- (long distance), micro- (small), -phone (speak), and -scope (look) are from Ancient Greek. telephone, telescope, microphone, and microscope.
• A hippopotamus is a river horse from the Greek hippos(horse) and potamos (river).
• The word provide derives from the Latin, pro- (meaning “before”) and videre (meaning “to see”).
COINAGE
• Definition: the invention of totally new terms.
• Description:• One of the least common processes of word formation in
English• The most typical sources: invented trade names for commercial products general terms new words
• Ex: aspirin, nylon, vaseline, zipper
• Ex: granola, kleenex, teflon, xerox
• Ex: google, ebay
COINAGE
• Eponyms: the new words based on the name of a person or a place
• Ex: sandwich (from the eighteenth-century Earl of Sandwich who first insisted on having his bread and meat together while gambling)
• Ex: jeans (from the Italian city of Genoa where the type of cloth was first made)
• Ex: Fahrenheit (from the German, Gabriel Fahrenheit), volt (from the Italy, Alessandro Volta).
1. Loanwords or Borrowing words are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language(incorporated, without translation)
2. A calque /ˈkælk/ or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (not equivalent, translated)
FROMBORROWED BY
EN.CALQUE
WORDS TRANSLATED INTO EN.
Arabic bazaarالقشة التي قصمت ظهر البعير
alqassha alathee qassamat dhahra al baeer
Straw that broke the camel's back
Chinese dim sum, tea 走狗; pinyin: zǒu gǒu Running dog
French deja-vu, chattel point de vue Point of view
Dutch landscape, sketch koekje Cookie
Germankindergarten, hamburger
Lehnwort Loanword
Latin paper requiescat in pace Rest in Peace
Spanish adobe, alligator el momento de la verdad Moment of truth
Pre-history
• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC
Roman
43AD-410AD
• Roman
Gemanic
410-1066
• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia
Medieval
1068-1485
• Norman• Parliament
1485-1603: Tudor
• Tudor
• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor
2. Restricted c Germanic period, viz: trading contract, Roman Empire
Eg: Measurement, Commodities/Trade, Contruction/War, etc
pund 'pound' straet 'street'
mil 'mile' weall 'wall'
win 'wine' cirice 'church'
ceas 'cheese'
1. Latin via Celtic: Romanisation/ Christianisation of the Celts
Eg: Placename elements, etc
castra "-caster, - chester" => Lancaster, Manchester
vicus "wic" => Eastwick
Thames, Avon
Brocc 'badger'
Cumb 'combe, valley'
Pre-history
• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC
Roman
43AD-410AD
• Roman
Gemanic
410-1066
• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia
Medieval
1068-1485
• Norman• Parliament
1485-1603: Tudor
• Tudor
• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor
1. Scandinavian
Function words(ProN, Aux.)
they - them - theirare
Closed classes Preposition: "till"
Core vocabulary N: "birth, dirt, leg, skin.." V: "die, get, give, take"
(Syntax): Preposition stranding
"the question I was talking about"
Place name suffixes: -by, -thorpe, -gate
2. Latin: After 1350 - "aureate diction“ - for stylistic reasons
Pre-history
• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC
Roman
43AD-410AD
• Roman
Gemanic
410-1066
• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia
Medieval
1068-1485
• Norman• Parliament
1485-1603: Tudor
• Tudor
• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor
3. French
Administration
"government, parliament, state, nation, tax"
Law and gov. "justice, court, prison, crime"
Church"religion, service, saint, prayer"
Military "battle, castle, tower, war"
Lifestyle
"fashion, dress, costume" "art, music, poem""beef, mutton, pork, veal"
Nobility:
baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, duchess; marquis, marquess;
Words inage, -ance/-ence, -ant/-ent, -ity, -ment, -tion, con-, de-, andpre-
Pre-history
• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC
Roman
43AD-410AD
• Roman
Gemanic
410-1066
• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia
Medieval
1068-1485
• Norman• Parliament
1485-1603: Tudor
• Tudor
• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor
1. Latin and Greek: Classical loans for mainly 2 reasons
- Style: 15th c: Aureate diction 16th c: Inkhorn Controversy
- Technical vocabulary English used in science & scholarship
instead of Latin Technical vocabulary missing in
English Words borrowed from Latin or formed
on Latin
Greek bound morphemes: -ism, -ize
Latinambiguous, biceps, emotion, gladiator, identical, ratio, vacuum, zone
Greekanarchy, analysis, anathema, anonymous, archetype, autograph
Pre-history
• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC
Roman
43AD-410AD
• Roman
Gemanic
410-1066
• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia
Medieval
1068-1485
• Norman• Parliament
1485-1603: Tudor
• Tudor
• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor
2. French Less important than in last period Most frequent source of loans from any
living language Different sematic fields from last period
loans
Eg: Music, Architecture, High culture, War and Military, etc
Music aria, opera, solo
Architecture Balcony
High cultureballet, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne,
War and Military
bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry,
Other
clique, denim, garage, jean(s), shock, ghetto, motto, admire, barbarian, compute
French Canadian
chowder
Pre-history
• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC
Roman
43AD-410AD
• Roman
Gemanic
410-1066
• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia
Medieval
1068-1485
• Norman• Parliament
1485-1603: Tudor
• Tudor
• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor
3. Spanish/Portuguese: Discoveries, exotic phenomena
Eg: cannibal, cigar, pagoda, potato, tomato, mosquito, mustang
4. Dutch, Flemish: Discoveries, exotic phenomena
Shipping, naval terms
15th : buoy, deck, hoist16th : dock, yacht
Warbeleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaught
Cloth industry
bale, cambric, duck (fabric), fuller's earth, mart,
Art easel, etching, landscape, sketch
Food and drink
booze, brandy(wine), cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops,
Geology cobalt, quartz
Misc. waltz, noodle
Scandinavian fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord
Russian apparatchik, borscht, czar/tsar, glasnost, icon, perestroika, vodka
Sanskrit avatar, karma, mahatma, swastika, yoga
Hindi shampoo, thug, kedgeree, jamboree, jungle, loot, maharaja, nabob, pajamas
Dravidian curry, mango, teak, pariah
Persian (Farsi) check, checkmate, chess
Arabic mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravan
Italian balcony, bronze, gallery, graffiti, mask, mascara
African languagesbanana (via Portuguese), banjo, boogie-woogie, chigger, goober, zebra, zombie, gorilla
American Indian languages
avocado, cacao, cannibal, canoe, chipmunk, chocolate, chili, hammock,
Chinese chop suey, chow mein, dim sum, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchee
Malay ketchup, amok
Japanese geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai,
Pacific Islands bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks
Australia boomerang, budgerigar, didgeridoo, kangaroo (and many more in
COMPOUND NOUNS
• Words can be combined to form compound nouns.
• These are very common, and new combinations are invented almost daily.
First part: type ofpurpose
Second part: what or who
Compound noun
Police Man Policeman
Boy Friend Boyfriend
Fish Tank Water tank
Dining Table Dining-table
The elements in a compound noun involve very diverse parts of speech
Compound elements Examples
Noun + Noun Bedroom, water tank, printer cartridge
Noun + Verb Rainfall, haircut, train-spotting
Noun + Adverb Hanger-on, passer-by
Verb + Noun Washing machine, driving license
Verb + Adverb Take-off, drawback, lookout
Adverb + Noun Onlooker, bystander
Adjective + verb Dry-cleaning, public speaking
Adjective + Noun Greenhouse, software
Adjective + Verb Output, input
Pronunciation
Stress is important in pronunciation, as it distinguishes between a compound noun and an adjective with a noun. In compound nouns, the stress usually falls on the first element.
Example:
• a ‘greenhouse = place where we grow plants (Compound noun)
• a green ‘house = house painted green (adjective and noun)
• a ‘bluebird = type of bird (compound noun)
• a blue ‘bird = any bird with blue feathers (adjective and noun)
Blending
Group : 04
Student 1 : Nguyen Thanh Quang
Student 2 : Tieu Phuong Quynh
Student 3: Nguyen Thi Thuy Huong
19By Thanh Quang + Phuong Quynh
Definition of blending
Definition:
Blending is the combination of two separateforms to produce a single new term. (Yule,2010)
Example:television+ broadcast = telecast
20By Thanh Quang +Phương Quỳnh
Types of BlendingFrom morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending.
21By Thanh Quang+ Phuong Quynh
1.head+tailautomobile
broiled
suicide
roasted
autocide
broasted
2.head+headcommunication
situation
satellite
comedy
comsat
sitcom
3.head+wordmedical
automobile
care
camp
medicare
autocamp
4.word+tailwork
book
welfare
automobile
workfare
bookmobile
Practice
By Thanh Quang+ Phuong Quynh
simultaneous + broadcast →spoon + fork →cybernetic + organism →international + network →modulator + demodulator →global + English →
simulcast sporkcyborg
internetmodemGlobish
Definition: Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the original word.There are many ways to clip a word, we can easily divide these ways into 4 types:
Group 5 – Trương Lê Hùng Phong, Nguyễn Lâm Lan Phương, Phạm Thị Huyền Sâm, Phạm Ngụy Mi Rê.
Final clipping (apocope)Initial clipping (apheresis)Medial clipping (syncope)Complex clipping
CLIPPING
1. Final clipping (apocope):
E.g: gas (gasoline), gym (gymnastics), exam (examination), Tom (Thomas).
2. Initial clipping (apheresis):
E.g: phone (telephone), chute (parachute), roach (cockroach).
3. Medial clipping (syncope):
E.g: maths (mathematics), specs (spectacles), ma’am (madam).
4. Complex clipping:
E.g: flu (influenza), fridge (refrigerator), sci-fi (scientific fiction), sitcom
(situation comedy), jammies (pyjamas), Liz (Elizabeth).
Hypocorism: a long word is reduced to a single syllable, then –y or –ie is added to the end.
Ex: Jammies (pyjamas), brekky (breakfast), Kattie (Katherine), Tommy (Thomas).
6. Backformation
• Backformation: is the formation of new words (neologism) that
are similar to the ones already in existence in the language.
• In other words, it is the process of creating new forms by
removing affixes from the existing words.
• Note: When a backformation becomes established in the
language, we can only tell that it is a backformation if we know
the etymology (origins, history) of the words.
• Reference: http://www.etymonline.com/: to track the history of
words used
Backformation
A word of one type (usually
noun) is reduced to another
word of another type (usually
verb).
E.g. Procession => process
Obligation => obligate
Sightseeing => sightsee
Diagnosis => diagnose
Surrealism => surreal
Decadence => decadent
Diplomatic => diplomat
Sedative => sedate
Nouns ending in -er (or
something close in sound), we
can make verbs.
E.g.
Spectator => spectate
Typewriter => typewrite
Kidnapper => kidnap
Beggar => beg
Burglar => burgle
Headhunter => headhunt
Froofreader => proofread
Conversion
Creation of a word from an existing word with a different grammatical function
The guard alerted (verb) the general to the attack (noun).
The enemy attacked (verb) before an alert (noun) could be sounded.
1) Noun VerbEmail – to emailBottle – to bottleShip – to shipName – to nameHost – to host
2) Verb NounTo alert – alertTo attack – attackTo call – callTo cover – coverTo hope – hope
For example:
Other Conversions
Verb Adjective (to stand-up stand-up)
Adjective Verb (dirty to dirty, empty to empty)
Preposition Noun (up, down the ups and downs of life)
Conjunction Noun ( if, and, but no ifs, ands, or buts )
Interjection Noun (ho ho ho I love the ho ho hos of Christmastime)
Note: Some words can shift substantially in meaning when they
change category through conversions. Ex: to doctor & a doctor
More examples
• FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation
• CIA: Central Intelligence Agency
• MIA: Missing In Action
• CPU: Central Processing Unit
• IM(H)O: In My (Humble) Opinion
• POTUS: President Of The United States
• TBA: To Be Announced
• USP: Unique Selling Point
• MSRP: Manufacturers’ Suggested Retail Price
• JIT: Just In Time
• ROI: Return On Investment
• OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer
DERIVATIONDerivation is accomplished by means of a large number of small “bits” of theEnglish language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries.These small bits are generally described as affixes.Affixes involve prefixes, suffixes and infixes.:Prefixes: the affixes to be added to the beginning of the word (e.g: un-; mis-;dis;…)Ex: mislead, unbelievable, dislikeSuffixes: the affixes to be added to the end of the word (e.g: -less; - lish; - ness;…)Ex: happiness, joyful, carelessNote:English words formed by this derivational process have either prefixes or bothEx: Disrespectful has both a prefix and a suffix.
Foolishness has two suffixes.
DERIVATION
Infixes are the affixes to be added to the inside of the word. Infixes express emotions ofspeaker. (e.g: -fuckin- ; -bloody-; goddam-;…)
Ex: unfuckinbelievable; singabloodypore
Infixes are special versions in English but they were found much in Kamhmu, a languagespoken in South East Asia.
Ex: mean verb Noun mean
“ to drill” see srnee “a drill”
“to chisel” toh trnoo “a chisel”
“to eat hiip hrniip “ a spoon”
with spoon”
=> The infix –rn- is added to the verbs to form corresponding noun.
Borrowing
- The taking over of words from other languages
- The English language has adopted a vast number of words from other languages
A special type of borrowing is described as the process whereby acompound word or expression is created by literal translation of eachof the elements of a compound word or expression in anotherlanguage
Examples:
marriage of convenience from French is a calque of mariage de convenance
gratte-ciel (scrape-sky) from French, wolkenkrabber (cloud scraper) from Dutch are calques for the English skyscraper
Superman is a calque of the German Übermensch
Loan-translation or calque
Compounding
•The process of joining two separate words to produce a single word
•A very productive process in English
Compounding
Compound nouns
football, blackboard, software, haircut, sunset, fire-fly, software, fast food
Compound adjectives
handmade, well-known, blood-sucking, big-belly, secondhand, uptown, absent-minded, full-moon, part- time, last-minute, full-length
Conversion
Nouns become verbs ( or verbs become nouns): wish, rain, fly, kiss, and love, etc. oEx: Don’t go out in the rain. / It started to rain.
Phrasal verbs (to hand out, to look out ) become nouns (a handout, a lookout)
One complex verb combination (want to be) becomes a new noun. oEx: He isn’t in the group, he’s just a wannabe.
Conversion
Adjectives becomes verbs or nouns: clean, clear and light, etc.
Verbs (sit down, stand up) also become adjectives oEx: Sit down, please. / a sit-down protest.
Compound nouns become adjectives: a ball-park figure / to ball park an estimate of the cost.
Compound nouns become verbs: snowball, wallpaper, network. oEx: All computer user are connected on a network. /
Conferences are a good place to network.