Chapter 5 Tissues. 5 - 2 u Introduction: Tissues u A.Groups of cells are arranged in tissues that...

Chapter 5Tissues

5 - 2

Introduction: Tissues

A. Groups of cells are arranged in tissues that provide specific functions for the body.

B. Also contain an extracellular matrix – a nonliving portion supports the cells and transmits signals to cells

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C. Four types of tissues:

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nervous

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Epithelial Tissue A. General Characteristics:

Found throughout the body Has an exposed surface A basement membrane anchors it to

connective tissue Lack blood vessels Tightly packed Readily divide

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B. Categorizing Epithelial Tissues Shape

• Squamous• Cuboidal• Columnar

Layers• Simple• Stratified

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Fig. 5.02a

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C. _____ _______ Epithelium

1. _____ ______ epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei.

2. Locations: - Covers ovaries, lines

most kidney tubules and ducts of some glands (thyroid, salivary, pancreas and liver)


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3. Functions:

- In kidneys: Secretion and absorption

- In glands: Secretion

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Fig. 5.01a

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B. _______ _______ Epithelium 1. ______ ______

epithelium is made up of a single layer of thin, flattened cells.

2. Locations:- Lines air sacs,

makes up the walls of capillaries and lines the inside of blood

and lymph vessels


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3. Functions:

- Site of diffusion (gas exchange in lungs)

- Site of filtration (blood and lymph vessels )

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Fig. 5.01a

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Fig. 5.03a

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D. ______ ________ Epithelium

1. Made up of a row of elongated cells whose nuclei are all located near the basement membrane. It may be ciliated.

2. Locations:- Ciliated: Female

reproductive tubes- Nonciliated: Lines uterus and

most organs of the digestive tract


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3. Functions:

- Ciliated: Moves egg cells to uterus

- In digestive system: Secreted digestive fluids and absorbs nutrients.

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- May contain microvilli that increase surface area for absorption

- Also contain Goblet cells: Glands that secrete mucus for protection.

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Fig. 5.04a

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E. _________ _________ Epithelium

1. These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered.

2. Cilia may be present, along with mucus-secreting globlet cells, that line and sweep debris from respiratory tubes.


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3. Locations:- Lines passage of respiratory

system4. Functions:

- Goblet cells secrete sticky mucus which traps dust and microorganisms

- Cilia move this mucus with particles up and out of respiratory system

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Fig. 5.05a

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F. _______ _______ Epithelium

1. This type of tissue is made up of layers of flattened

cells that are designed to protect underlying layers.

2. Locations:- It makes up the outer layer of skin (epidermis)- Lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal.


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Keratinization in the Epidermis As cells age, they produce the protein,

Keratin, and dry out. These cells move towards top layer

Produces a covering of dry, tough protective covering

Prevents water loss and blocks chemicals and microorganisms from entering.

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Fig. 5.05a

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Fig. 5.07a

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H. _______ _______ Epithelium 1. This tissue consists of

several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra,

and parts of the pharynx.


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I. Transitional Epithelium

Transitional epithelium is designed to distend and

return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder.


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Fig. 5.06a

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G. _________ ________ Epithelium1. This tissue consists of two to three

layers of cuboidal cells which provides greater protection

2. Locations:- Lining of the lumen

(space within tubular structures)

-Lines larger ducts of mammary, sweat, and salivary glands, as well as the pancreas


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J. Glandular Epithelium1. This tissue is made up

of cells designed to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids. 2. Found within columnar and

cuboidal epithelia


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3. Types:

a Endocrine Secretes substances into body fluids

b. Exocrine: Secretes substances into ducts

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3. Exocrine glands are classified by the ways they secrete their products.

a. Merocrine glands release fluid products by exocytosis (pancreas) and are grouped

as serous which produce a watery fluid or

mucus which produce a thicker, protective substance.


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b. Apocrine glands lose portions of their cell bodies during secretion (mammary glands).

c. Holocrine glands release entire cells (sebaceous glands).


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Fig. 5.09

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Connective Tissues:A. General Characteristics

1. Functions:- bind structures- provide support and

protection- framework- fill spaces- store fat- produce blood cells- protect against infections- help repair tissue damage


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2. Unlike epithelial tissues, connective tissues

have abundant matrix, or intercellular material, throughout, and have good blood supplies (except cartilage).

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Fig. 5.10

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B. Major Cell Types

1. Fibroblasts• Fixed cell• Produce fibers into

extracellular matrix


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Fig. 5.11

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2. Macrophages A wandering cell; a.k.a.

Histiocytes Destroy foreign substances by

phagocytosis

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Fig. 5.12

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3. Mast cells Release heparin (prevents blood

clotting) and histamine (associated with allergic reactions and inflammation)

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C. Connective Tissue Fibers

Collagenous Fibers Thick threads of collagen Flexible and slightly

elastic Resist pulling force Examples: Tendons and

ligaments


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Elastic Fibers Made of protein, elastin Thin and form networks Can stretch and resume original

shape Locations: Vocal cords

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Reticular fibers

Very thin collagenous fibers

Form delicate supporting network


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Fig. 5.13a

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D. _______ ________ (______) Tissue

Forms delicate, thin membranes Cells are spread apart Binds skin to underlying organs Fills space between muscles


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Fig. 5.14a

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E. _________ Tissue Stores fat Found:

• Beneath skin• Between muscles• Surface of the heart• Around some joints

Functions:• Cushions and insulates• Stores energy


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Fig. 5.15a

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F. _______ ________ Tissue

Tightly packed, thick collagenous fibers

Has relatively few cells Very strong and can

withstand pulling forces Makeup parts of tendons and

ligaments Poor blood supply


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Fig. 5.16a

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G. Cartilage Cartilage is a rigid connective

tissue Provides a supportive framework

for various structures. It lacks a vascular system Cartilage cells (chondrocytes)

lie within lacunae (small chambers) in

the gel-like fluid matrix.


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Hyaline cartilage Has fine collagenous fibers Found:

• On ends of bones in many joints

• Nose• Supporting rings of

respiratory passages


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Elastic cartilage Dense network of elastic cartliage Found:

• External ears

• Parts of the larynx

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Fibrocartilage Very tough tissue with many

collagenous fibers Shock absorber Found:

• Intervertral discs

• Knees

• Pelvic girdle

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H. Bone

Bone is the most rigid connective tissue

Functions:• Bone internally supports the

body • Protects internal organs• Forms muscle attachments• Site for blood cell formation.


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Bone cells, called osteocytes, lie within lacunae and are

arranged in concentric circles (osteons) around osteonic canals interconnected by

canaliculi. Bone has a good blood supply,

enabling rapid recovery after an injury.


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Osteocyte

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I. Blood

1. Blood is composed of cells (red and white) suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.

2. It functions to transport substances throughout the body and fight infection.


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Muscle Tissues:A. General Characteristics

1. Muscle cells, or fibers, can contract and consist of three major types.


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Fig. 5.21a

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Fig. 5.22a

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B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Found: Control: Has Multiple Nuclei Appearance:• Due to alternating light and dark strands in muscle cells


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Skeletal Muscle

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C. Smooth Muscle Tissue

Found: Control: Appearance Contain a single nucleus


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D. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Found: Intercalated disks Appearance: Control: Contain a single nucleus


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Nervous Tissues: A. Nervous tissues are found:B. ________, or nerve cells, conduct

nervous impulses while helper cells, or _________, support and nourish the neurons.


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Epithelial Membranes

Composed of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue

Cover body surfaces and line body cavities

Four main types: serous, mucous, synovial, and cutaneous

Considered to be organs because these membranes are composed of more than one type of tissue

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Types of Membranes

A. _________ membranes line body cavities that lack openings to the outside.

1. They line the thorax and abdomen and cover the organs within these cavities.

2. Made up of epithelium and loose connective tissue and secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant.


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B. _______ membranes line the cavities and openings that lead to the outside of the body, including the oral and nasal cavities, and openings of the digestive, reproductive, respiratory, and urinary systems.

1. They consist of epithelium and connective tissue with

specialized cells that secrete mucus.


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C. __________ membranes line the joint cavities.

1. These membranes consist of only connective tissues, and they secrete lubricating synovial fluid.D. The cutaneous membrane consists of the skin (also called the integument).


Chapter 5 Tissues. 5 - 2 u Introduction: Tissues u A.Groups of cells are arranged in tissues that...

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