Chapter 5 Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless … Network… · ·...

Chapter 5

Subnetting/Supernettingand Classless Addressing

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Outlineo Subnetting

o Supernernetting

o Classless addressing



SUBNETTING

5.15.1

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000



Subnettingo IP addresses are designed with two level of

hierarchyn Two levels of hierarchy is not enough

o Solution: subnettingn A network is divided into several smaller

networks n Each smaller network is called a subnetwork or a

subnet



IP addresses are designed with IP addresses are designed with two levels of hierarchy.two levels of hierarchy.




Figure 5-1

A Network with Two Levels ofHierarchy (not Subnetted)




Figure 5-2

A Network with Three Levels ofHierarchy (Subnetted)




Subnetting (Cont.)o The subnetworks still appear as a single

network to the rest of the Interneto For example, a packet destined for host

141.14.192.2 still reaches router R1o However, R1 knows the network 141.14 is

physically divided into subnetworksn It deliver the packet to subnetwork 141.14.192.0



Three Levels of Hierarchyo Three leveln Site, subnet, and host

o The routing of an IP datagram now involves three stepn Delivery to the siten Delivery to the subnetworkn Delivery to the host



Figure 5-3

Addresses in a Network withand without Subnetting




Subnet Masko The network mask create the network addresso The subnet mask create the subnetwork

addresso Subnet Maskn Noncontiguous: a mixture of 0s and 1s

o Out-of-dayn Contiguous: a run of 1s followed by a run of 0s

o In use



Figure 5-5

Default Mask and Subnet Mask




Finding the Subnet Addresso Given an IP address, we can find the subnet

address in the same way as we found the network addressn Apply the mask to the address

o Two ways: straight or short-cut



Straight Methodo Use binary notation for both the address and

the mask

o Then apply the AND operation to find the subnet address



Example 1Example 1

What is the subnetwork address if the destination address is 200.45.34.56 and the subnet mask is 255.255.240.0?




SolutionSolution

11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000

11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000

11001000 00101101 001000000000 0000000000000000

The subnetwork address is 200.45.32.0.




Short-Cut Methodo If the byte in the mask is 255, copy the byte in

the addresso If the byte in the mask is 0, replace the byte in

the address with 0o If the byte in the mask is neither 255 nor 0,

we write the mask and the address in binary and apply the AND operation



Example 2Example 2

What is the subnetwork address if the destination address is 19.30.80.5 and the mask is 255.255.192.0?

SolutionSolution

See Next Figure.




Figure 5-6

Example 2




Default Mask and Subnet Masko The number of 1s in a default mask is

perdeterminedn 8, 16, or 24

o But, in a subnet mask, the number of 1s is more than the number of 1s in the corresponding default mask



Figure 5-7

Comparison of a Default Mask and a Subnet Mask




Number of Subnetworkso Found by counting the number of extra bits

that are added to the default mask in a subnet mask

o For example, in above figuren The number of extra 1s is 3

o The length of subnetid = 3n The number of subnets is 2^3 = 8



The number of subnets must be The number of subnets must be a power of 2. a power of 2.




Number of Addresses per Subneto Found by counting the number of 0s in the

subnet mask

o For example, in above figuren The number of 0s is 13

o The length of hostid = 13n The number of addressed in each subnet is 2^13 =

8192



Designing Subnetso How a network managers design subnetsn Deciding the number of subnetsn Finding the subnet maskn Find the range of address in each subnet

o Start with the first subnet and its first address is the first address in the block

o Add the number of addresses in each subnet minus one to get the last address

o Add one to the last address in obtain step to obtain the first address in the next subnet



Example 3Example 3

A company is granted the site address 201.70.64.0 (class C). The company needs six subnets. Design the subnets.




o The number of 1s in the default mask is 24 (class C).

o The company needs six subnets.n This number 6 is not a power of 2.n The next number that is a power of 2 is 8 (23)

o We need 3 more 1s in the subnet mask.n The total number of 1s in the subnet mask is 27

(24 + 3).n The total number of 0s is 5 (32 - 27).

SolutionSolution



Solution (Continued)Solution (Continued)

.





The mask is11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000

or

255.255.255.224

The number of subnets is 8.The number of addresses in each subnet is 25

(5 is the number of 0s) or 32.

See Next FigureThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000



Figure 5-8

Example 3




Example 4Example 4

A company is granted the site address 181.56.0.0 (class B). The company needs 1000 subnets. Design the subnets.




o The number of 1s in the default mask is 16 (class B).

o The company needs 1000 subnets.n This number is not a power of 2.n The next number that is a power of 2 is 1024 (210).

o We need 10 more 1s in the subnet mask.n The total number of 1s in the subnet mask is 26 (16

+ 10).n The total number of 0s is 6 (32 - 26).

SolutionSolution



o The mask is11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000

or 255.255.255.192.

o The number of subnets is 1024.o The number of addresses in each subnet is 26

(6 is the number of 0s) or 64.n See the Next Figure




Figure 5-9

Example 4




Variable Length Subnettingo A site that is granted a class C address and

have five subnets with the number of hostsn 60, 60, 60, 30, 30

o Cannot use a subnet mask with only extra 2 bitsn Allow only four subnet

o Cannot use a subnet make with extra 3 bitsn Eight subnet each with 32 addresses



Variable Length Subnetting (Cont.)o Solutionn Variable length subnetting

o Use two different masks, one applied after the othern First use the mask with 26 1s (255.255.255.192)

to divide the network into four subnetn Then, apply mask with 27 1s (255.255.255.224)

to one of the subnet to divide it into two smaller subnets



Figure 5-10

Variable-Length Subnetting




SUPERNETTING

5.25.2




Supernettingo Class A and B addresses are almost depleted.

However, class C addresses are still available

o But, the size of class block, 256, is too small

o Solution: subnettingn Combine several class C blocks to create a larger

range of addresses



Figure 5-11

A Supernetwork




Make a Superneto Rulesn The number of blocks must be a power of 2 (1, 2,

4, 8, 16, . . .)n The blocks must be contiguous in the address

space (no gaps between the blocks).n The third byte of the first address in the

superblock must be evenly divisible by the number of blocks. o In other words, if the number of blocks is N, the third

byte must be divisible by N.



Example 5 Example 5

A company needs 600 addresses. Which of the following set of class C blocks can be used to form a supernet for this company?198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0

198.47.32.0 198.47.42.0 198.47.52.0 198.47.62.0

198.47.31.0 198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.52.0

198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0 198.47.35.0




SolutionSolution

1: No, there are only three blocks <> 2^n,

2: No, the blocks are not contiguous.

3: No, 31 in the first block is not divisible by 4.

4: Yes, all three requirements are fulfilled.




Supernet Masko In original block of addresses, we know the

range of addresses from the first addressn Since the mask is perdefined (default mask)

o In subnetting or supernetting, the first address alone cannot derive the range of addressesn We need to know the mask, subnet mask or

supernet mask, as well.



In In subnettingsubnetting, , we need the first address of the we need the first address of the subnet and the subnet mask to subnet and the subnet mask to define the range of addresses.define the range of addresses.




In In supernettingsupernetting, , we need the first address of we need the first address of

the the supernetsupernetand the and the supernetsupernet mask to mask to

define the range of addresses.define the range of addresses.




Supernet Mask (Cont.)o A supernet mask is the reverse of a subnet

maskn A subnet mask has more 1s than the default mask

n A supernet mask has less 1s than the default mask



Figure 5-12

Comparison of Subnet, Default, and Supernet Masks




Example 6 Example 6

We need to make a supernetwork out of 16 class C blocks. What is the supernet mask?

SolutionSolutionWe need 16 blocks. For 16 blocks we need to change four 1s to 0s in the default mask. So the mask is

11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000Or

255.255.240.0




Example 7 Example 7

A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. A router receives three packets with the following destination addresses:

205.16.37.44205.16.42.56205.17.33.76

Which packet belongs to the supernet?




SolutionSolution

We apply the supernet mask to see if we can find the beginning address.205.16.37.44 AND 255.255.248.0 è 205.16.32.0

205.16.42.56 AND 255.255.248.0 è 205.16.40.0

205.17.33.76 AND 255.255.248.0 è 205.17.32.0

Only the first address belongs to this supernet.




Example 8 Example 8

A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. How many blocks are in this supernet and what is the range of addresses?




o The supernet has 21 1s.o The default mask has 24 1s.o Since the difference is 3n There are 23 or 8 blocks in this supernet.

o The blocks are 205.16.32.0 to 205.16.39.0.n The first address is 205.16.32.0.n The last address is 205.16.39.255.

SolutionSolution



CLASSLESS ADDRESSING

5.35.3




Classless Addressingo Classful addressing has created many

problemso Solution: classless addressingo Idea: variable-length blocksn The whole address space (2^32 addresses) is

divided into blocks of different sizes



Figure 5-13

Variable-Length Blocks




Number of Addresses in a Blocko There is only one condition on the number of

addresses in a blockn It must be a power of 2 (2, 4, 8, . . .)

o A household may be given a block of 2 addresses.

o A small business may be given 16 addresses. o A large organization may be given 1024

addresses



Beginning Addresseso The beginning address must be evenly divisible

by the number of addresses. n Ex: if a block contains 4 addresses, the beginning

address must be divisible by 4. o If the block has less than 256 addresses, we

need to check only the rightmost byte. o If it has less than 65,536 addresses, we need to

check only the two rightmost bytes, and so on.



Example 9 Example 9 Which of the following can be the beginning address of a block that contains 16 addresses?

205.16.37.32190.16.42.4417.17.33.80123.45.24.52

SolutionSolution

The address 205.16.37.32 is eligible because 32 is divisible by 16. The address 17.17.33.80 is eligible because 80 is divisible by 16.




Example 10 Example 10 Which of the following can be the beginning address of a block that contains 1024 addresses?

205.16.37.32190.16.42.017.17.32.0123.45.24.52

SolutionSolutionTo be divisible by 1024, the rightmost byte of an address should be 0 and the second rightmost byte must be divisible by 4. Only the address 17.17.32.0 meets this condition.




Masko Like the classful addressing, subnetting , and

supernetting, in classless addressing, givenn First addressn The mask

o Then we can define the whole block



Slash Notationo Attach the number of 1s in a mask to the end of a

classless addresso Also called CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing)o The CIDR convey two ideas

n The address is classlessn Routing is done using interdomain routing

o A mask and a slash followed by a number define the same thingn The number of common bits in every address in the block



Figure 5-14

Slash Notation




Slash notation is also called Slash notation is also called CIDRCIDR

notation. notation.




Prefix and Suffixo Prefix

n Another name for the common part of the address rangeo Prefix range: the length of the prefix

n Equal to n in the slash notationo Suffix

n The varying part of the address rangeo Suffix range: the length of the suffix

n Equal to (32-n) in slash notation



Example 11 Example 11

A small organization is given a block with the beginning address and the prefix length 205.16.37.24/29 (in slash notation). What is the range of the block?




o The beginning address is 205.16.37.24.

o To find the last address we keep the first 29 bits and change the last 3 bits to 1s.n Beginning: 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011000n Ending : 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011111

o There are only 8 addresses in this block.

SolutionSolution




We can find the range of addresses in Example 11 by another method. We can argue that the length of the suffix is 32 − 29 or 3. So there are 23 = 8 addresses in this block. If the first address is 205.16.37.24, the last address is 205.16.37.31 (24 + 7 = 31).




A block in classes A, B, and C A block in classes A, B, and C can easily be represented in slash can easily be represented in slash

notation as notation as A.B.C.D/ nA.B.C.D/ nwhere n is where n is

either 8 (class A), 16 (class B), or either 8 (class A), 16 (class B), or 24 (class C).24 (class C).




Finding the Network Addresso We can derive the network address if we known One of the address in the blockn The prefix length, or a mask, or the suffix length

o Solution 1n AND the mask and the address to find the first

address, i.e., network addresso Solution 2n Just keep the first n bits and change the rest to 0s




What is the network address if one of the addresses is 167.199.170.82/27?




o The prefix length is 27, which means that we must keep the first 27 bits as it is and change the remaining bits (5) to 0s.

o The 5 bits affect only the last byte.o The last byte is 01010010.o Changing the last 5 bits to 0s, we get

01000000 or 64.o The network address is 167.199.170.64/27.

SolutionSolution



Subnettingo We can also use subnetting with classless

addressingn Just increase the prefix length to derive the subnet

prefix length

o See the following example.




An organization is granted the block 130.34.12.64/26. The organization needs to have four subnets. What are the subnet addresses and the range of addresses for each subnet?




o The suffix length is 6 (32-26).o This means the total number of addresses in the

block is 64 (2^6).o If we create four subnets, each subnet will have 16

addresses.o Let us first find the subnet prefix (subnet mask).o We need four subnets, which means we need to add

two more 1s to the site prefix.

SolutionSolution




The subnet prefix is then /28.

Subnet 1: 130.34.12.64/28 to 130.34.12.79/28.

Subnet 2 : 130.34.12.80/28 to 130.34.12.95/28.

Subnet 3: 130.34.12.96/28 to 130.34.12.111/28.

Subnet 4: 130.34.12.112/28 to 130.34.12.127/28.

See the Next Figure




Figure 5-15

Example 14





An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with 190.100.0.0/16. The ISP needs to distribute these addresses to three groups of customers as follows:1. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256 addresses.

2. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128 addresses.

3. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64 addresses.

Design the subblocks and give the slash notation for each subblock. Find out how many addresses are still available after these allocations.




Solution Solution Group 1

For this group, each customer needs 256 addresses. This means the suffix length is 8 (28 = 256). The prefix length is then 32 − 8 = 24. 01: 190.100.0.0/24 è190.100.0.255/24

02: 190.100.1.0/24 è190.100.1.255/24

…………………………………..

64: 190.100.63.0/24è190.100.63.255/24

Total = 64 × 256 = 16,384The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000



Solution (Continued) Solution (Continued)

Group 2

For this group, each customer needs 128 addresses. This means the suffix length is 7 (27 = 128). The prefix length is then 32 − 7 = 25. The addresses are:001: 190.100.64.0/25 è190.100.64.127/25

002: 190.100.64.128/25 è190.100.64.255/25

128: 190.100.127.128/25 è190.100.127.255/25

Total = 128 × 128 = 16,384





Group 3

For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This means the suffix length is 6 (26 = 64). The prefix length is then 32 − 6 = 26. 001:190.100.128.0/26 è190.100.128.63/26

002:190.100.128.64/26 è190.100.128.127/26

…………………………

128:190.100.159.192/26 è190.100.159.255/26

Total = 128 × 64 = 8,192The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000




Number of granted addresses: 65,536

Number of allocated addresses: 40,960

Number of available addresses: 24,576




Other Issueso Supernettingn There is no need for supernetting in classless

addressingn If an organization become larger

o It may ask a larger block and return the original one

o Migration: when the idea of classless addressing come truen Organization that own class A, B, or C must

o Use slash notation (/8, /16, /24)o Or recycle their block and request a new one



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