Chapter 5 Social Interaction and Social Structure.
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Transcript of Chapter 5 Social Interaction and Social Structure.
Chapter 5
Social Interaction
and
Social Structure
Chapter Outline
What Is Society? Theories About Analyzing Social
Interaction Interaction in Cyberspace Forms of Nonverbal Communication
Chapter Outline Interpersonal Attraction and Formation of
Pairs Social Institutions and Social Structure What Holds Society Together? Types of Societies: A Global View
What Is Society? A system of social interaction that
includes culture and social organization. Members of a society have a common
culture though there may be great diversity within it.
Characteristics of Groups A collection of individuals who
interact and communicate with each other
share goals and norms are aware of themselves as a distinct
social unit
Statuses A status is a rank in society.
Vice president of the United States Statuses occur within institutions.
“High school teacher” is a status within the education institution.
Typically, an individual occupies many statuses simultaneously.
Roles A role is the expected behavior
associated with a particular status. Statuses are occupied; roles are acted or
“played.” A person’s role set includes all the roles
occupied by the person at a given time.
Roles in a College Student’s Role Set
Social Construction of Reality
Perception of what is real is determined by the subjective meaning we attribute to an experience.
There is no objective reality.
Ethnomethodology Disrupting social norms and observing
how individuals attempt to restore normalcy.
Human interaction takes place within a consensus and interaction is not possible without this consensus.
Impression Management
People control how others will perceive them.
People present different faces on different stages with different others.
Social Exchange
Interactions are determined by rewards or punishments.
If the reward for an interaction exceeds the punishment, a potential for social profit exists and the interaction is likely to occur.
Characteristics of Cyberspace Interaction
Nonverbal communication is eliminated.
One is free to become a different self.
Anonymity allows a new kind of relationship in society.
Polling Question How likely would you be to take an
Internet course for college credit?
A. Very likely
B. Somewhat likely
C. Unsure
D. Somewhat unlikely
E. Very unlikely
Nonverbal Communication
Touch Pitch, loudness and rhythm of the
voice. Gestures, facial expressions Use of personal space.
Paralinguistic Communication The component of communication that is
conveyed by the pitch and loudness of the speaker’s voice, its rhythm, emphasis, and frequency, and the frequency and length of hesitations.
It is not what you say, but how you say it.
Factors in Attraction
Close proximity Exposure Physical attractiveness Similarity in status, race, ethnicity,
religion, personality, attitudes and opinions.
Social Institutions Family Education Work Economy Political
Institutions
Religion Health care Mass Media Sports Military
Purpose of Social Institutions Socialization of new members. Production and distribution of goods and
services. Maintain stability and existence. Provide members with a sense of
purpose.
Social Structure The organized pattern of social
relationships and social institutions that together compose society.
The social structure of society is observable in the established patterns of social interaction and social institutions.
Durkheim: Social Solidarity
Mechanical solidarity arises when individuals feel bonded by their similarity.
Organic solidarity arises when individuals are bonded through their division of labor.
Types of Societies Foraging Pastoral Horticultural Agricultural Industrial Postindustrial
Examples of Types of Societies
Foraging Pygmies of Central Africa
PastoralBedouins of Africa and
Middle East
Horticultural Incan empire of Peru
Examples of Types of Societies
AgriculturalAmerican South, pre-
Civil War
Industrial19th and 20th century
United States and Western Europe
PostindustrialContemporary United
States
Global Urbanization
Population Density in the U.S.
Polling Question If you could live anywhere in the United
States that you wanted to, would you prefer a city, suburban area, small town, or farm?A. CityB. Suburban areaC. Small townD. Farm
Quick Quiz
1. Human society is best defined as:
a. A system of social interaction that includes norms and values.
b. A system of social organization that is characterized by a distinct social structure.
c. A system of social organization that includes ordered social interaction.
d. A system of social interaction that includes culture and social organization.
Answer: d Human society is best defined as a
system of social interaction that includes culture and social organization.
2. Which of the following is not an ascribed status?
a. pharmacist
b. female
c. Japanese
d. biracial
Answer: a A pharmacist is not an ascribed status.
3. When a single role brings conflicting expectations, sociologists call this condition:
a. status conflict
b. role conflict
c. role strain
d. status inconsistency
Answer: c When a single role brings conflicting
expectations, sociologists call this condition role strain.
4. According to social exchange theory, we are more likely to repeat an interaction when:
a. we are punished
b. we profit from it
c. we experience a social loss
d. we receive disapproval
Answer: b According to social exchange theory, we
are more likely to repeat an interaction when we profit from it.