Chapter 5 research tools
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Transcript of Chapter 5 research tools
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RESEARCH TOOLS
A.M.Somoray
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Data Gathering Instruments
Checklist – is an instrument that contains the items to be observed and a space provided for the entries which may quantities, qualities, checkmarks, cross-marks, or any codes of responses
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Interview Guide
• This instrument contains the series of related questions that provide direction to the interview.
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Letter
• An encoded matter used in seeking information specially printed materials or data files that may shed information to a study. The letter may be in a form of request for assistance or permit in the conduct of study. The cover letter introduces the researcher to the respondent.
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Questionnaire
• This instrument contains the simplified questions addressed to the respondents.
• The questions here are broken statements from the Statement of the Problem
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Two Types of Questions:
• Closed-end type - offers answer choices that shall just be chosen by the respondent by checking, underlining, encircling, shading or ticking the answers.
• Open-end type – it elicits a variety of possible answers which may or may not directly satisfy the information that the researcher wants to know.
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Closed Format Questions
• Closed format questions are questions that include multiple choice answers.
• It can easily calculate statistical data and percentages. Preliminary analysis can also be performed with ease. Closed format questions can be asked to different groups at different intervals.
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Types of closed-end Questions
1. Dichotomous : A question that offers two answer choices that are usually opposites or contrasting thoughts.
Ex. Yes or no
true or false
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Trichotomous:
• A question that offers three logical answer choices.
Ex. _____ Small
_____ medium
_____ large
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Multiple ResponseIt offers more than three choices and some or
even all of the choices may be chosen as answers.
Ex. Who financially supports your students n college?
_______ parents
_______ brothers or sisters
_______ aunts and uncles
_______ grandparents
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Likert Scale:
- A statement with which a respondent shows the amount of agreement or disagreement.
____ strongly agree
____ Agree
____ Neither Agree or Disagree
____ Strongly disagree
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Rating Scale
• the respondent is asked to rate a particular issue on a scale that ranges from poor to good. Rating scale questions usually have an even number of choices, so that respondents are not given the choice of an middle option
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Rating Scale
• A scale that assess some attributes:
• Ex.
___ Excellent
___ Very good
___ Good
___ Fair
___ Poor
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Semantic Differential
• A scale is inscribed between two bipolar words, and the respondent selects the point that represents the direction and intensity of his feelings.
5 4 3 2 1
Baby friendly Not baby friendly
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Bi Polar Questions
• Bipolar questions are questions that have two extreme answers. The respondent is asked to mark his/her responses between the two opposite ends of the scale.
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Intention Scale
• A scale that describes the respondent’s intention. This is usually used in business research.
______ definitely buy
______ probably not buy
______ not certain
______ probably not buy
______ definitely not buy
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Two Types of Open-End Questions
1. Completely unstructured – a question that respondents can answer in an almost unlimited number of ways.
Example:
Why do you choose generic medicine?
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Open Format Type of Question
• Open format questions are those questions that give your audience an opportunity to express their opinions.
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2. Word Association:
• Words or even phrases are presented one at a time, then the respondent mentions the first word or phrase that comes to his mind.
• Ex. Food _________
TV program _______
President _________
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Cloze Method• It requires the respondent to supply the
missing word through thinking thoroughly.
Ex . Today, I went to the ________ and bought some milk and eggs. I knew it was going to rain, but I forgot to take my ________, and ended up getting wet on the way ________.
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Story Completion
• An incorporate story is presented, the respondent is requested to complete it.
• Ex. In June 2000, I was …
____________________________________________________________________
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Categories of Research Questions
1. Descriptive – when a study is designed to describe what is going on or what exists.
Example: you want to know the percentage of graduating students from high school who intend to enroll in HRM.
Here you only want to describe something.
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• 2. Relational – when a study is designed to know the relationship between 2 or more variables like gender and course preference.
Ex. Is there a relationship between age and intelligence level?
3. Causal – A question is causal when it is designed to determine whether variables cause or affect outcome variables.
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Nature of Questionnaire
1. Devised Questionnaire –self made instrument that is constructed by the researcher based on the nature of the study. This questionnaire needs pre-administration and validation to ensure elicit measure what intends to measure.
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2. Standardized Questionnaire – It is a professionally and scholarly constructed instrument and it may be applicable, usable and adoptable in various times and in various groups of respondents. It is generally accepted questionnaire for a specific purpose because it underwent series of validation