NeurASP: Embracing Neural Networks into Answer Set Programming
Chapter 5( programming) answer
-
Upload
smkengkilili2011 -
Category
Technology
-
view
2.116 -
download
7
Transcript of Chapter 5( programming) answer
Chapter : Basic Programming Concepts
Is a series of organized instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. Without programs, computer are useless
PROGRAM
Is a creation of a set of commands or instruction which directs a computer in carrying out a task.
A set of words, symbols and codes that enables humans to Communication with computers.
Someone who writes computer programs.
PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
PROGRAMMER
GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Provides little or no abstraction from Computer’s microprocessor.
More abstract, easier to use, & more portable across platforms.
Low level PL High Level PL
1 GL
Machine Language
Eg: Binary code
2 GL
Assembly Language
5 GL
Visual programming
Language/ natural language
Eg: Prolog, Mercury
4 GL
Non-procedural Language
Eg: SQL,NOMAD,FOCUS
3 GL
Procedural Language
Eg: PASCAL,FORTRAN,
BASIC,COBOL,C++..
Open programming language (OPL)
Is an embedded programming language found in portable devices that run the Symbian Operating system.
Eg: mobile telephones and PDAs.
Programming Approaches
-Uses a top- down design model
- whole program is broken down Into smaller sections.
Object –oriented programming (OOP)
-Type of programming approach That Combines data with functions to create object.
Ada, Pascal, Fortran Smalltalk, Java, Visual Basic, C++
Structured Programming
Examples: Examples:
Translator
Computer program for Translating assembly
language Into machine
Language
Used to interpret & execute Program direct
from its source Without compiling
it first.
Source code will be Converted into
Machine Code which is a file consisting Of binary
machine code that is executed On a computer.
If any errors, it record them in the program listing file.
BASIC, LOGO,
SMALLTALK
MACRO-80,Microsoft MASM C++,
PASCAL,COBOL
Examples Examples Examples
Assembler interpreter Compiler
5 Basic Element in programming
Data type VariablesConstants OperatorsControl
structure
Constant & Variables
Const Margin = 10
Differences between constant and variables
Constant variables
Margin = 10
Variable
‘
Definition
Characteristics
Usage
Examples
Elements
Is a virtual data container that Stores information.
Is a virtual data container that Stores information.
Value is not changeableduring the Course of the program
Value can be changed anytimeduring the Course of theprogram
When you want to declaresomething that won’t change midway in your program execution.
Use variable to store data that May or will change during the Running of the program.
Data Types
Definition: determines the type of data a variable can store.
IntegerInteger Number value Number value does not have does not have fractional part fractional part
0, 1, 25, 99 ….0, 1, 25, 99 …. Dim Dim
Data types Definition Examples Sample usage
Double Double Contain a Contain a fractional partfractional part
41.5, 31.441.5, 31.4
String String Sequence of Sequence of characters characters
Kok Leong, Kok Leong, AmiraAmira
StringString
Boolean Boolean Consists Consists either True or either True or False False
TRUE, FALSE TRUE, FALSE
Operators
Operators Definition Examples/ symbols
Mathematical operators
Are notations thattell the computer To perform mathematicoperations
+, -, *, / ,
Relational Operators
LogicalOperators
Performs comparison between Two elements
Performs logical operations ,Checking the condition of two Boolean values.
=, >,<, <=, >=
AND, OR, NOT
ExamplesExamples
A = B A = B A = B
A >= B A <= B
Equal to Greater than Less than
Greater than or equal to
Less than or equal to
Logical operator
AND OR NOT
VALUE VALUE TRUTH TRUTH
VALUE VALUE
X X YY
X AND YX AND Y
0 0 0 0
00
0 0 11
00
1 1 00
00
1 1 11
11
“NOT” OPERATORS VALUE VALUE TRUTH TRUTH
VALUE VALUE
X X YY
X OR YX OR Y
0 0 0 0
00
0 0 11
11
1 1 00
11
1 1 11
11
VALUE VALUE TRUTH TRUTH
VALUE VALUE
X X NOT XNOT X
0 0
11
1 1 00
“AND” OPERATORS “OR” OPERATORS
1 REPRESENT “TRUE”, 0 REPRESENT “FALSE”
PSEUDO CODES PSEUDO CODES
DEF: is text only sentences that DEF: is text only sentences that describe describe
the logic and program flow of a the logic and program flow of a computer program. computer program.
Pseudo code esembles plain English.Pseudo code esembles plain English. Do not have any specific Do not have any specific
progamming language snytax and progamming language snytax and grammar.grammar.
Flow chartFlow chart
Begin
End
READ Length, Width, Height
DISPLAY Volume of Cuboid
Volume of cuboid= Length* Width* Height
ELEMENTS IN FLOWCHARTELEMENTS IN FLOWCHARTElements Description
Terminator Shows the beginning or end of a program
Flowline and arrowhead Connect symbols and indicate the sequences of operation
Input or Output Shows either an input operation (an INPUT from the user) or an output operation (PRINT some message)
Process Process to be carried out (e.g calculation)
Decision Shows a decision (or choice) to be made. The program should continue along one of two routes (e.g if…else)
Control structures
Definition: is a structure of statement in programming that allows the programmer to control the flow of a program.
•Linear execution
Selection control
•To make decisionBased on the situation
Given.
Repetition Control
• looping
Sequence Control
Draw flow chart For sequence
control True and false
Repeat while some Condition remains true
Differentiate between selection control and sequence control
Types of control structure
Execution flow
Usage
Flow chart
Sequence control Selection control
m/s 33 chapter programming
Linear execution
Execute line by line
Execute different Statement for Different conditions
To implement decision Making.
DEVELOP A PROGRAMDEVELOP A PROGRAM
Examples of how user apply program Examples of how user apply program development phases to solve development phases to solve problem:problem:
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
5 MAIN PHASES Of PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
PROBLEM ANALYSIS PHASE
• interview the client, find out what the client’s need are.
PROGRAM DESIGN PHASE• design a flow chart.
Coding phase
• perform coding
• Checking error, and do debbuging
Testing and debugging phase
Documentation phase
• user manual, a clear layout, program listing
Syntax Error
•Wrong spelling
Logic Error
• the output do not matchfor any set
of data
Run-Time Error
• Error occurs while The program is
running Or executing.
Errors
The latest type of programming languages
Fifth generation languages
• Advance programming language
Natural language
• English to write a program
Open GL (Graphic Library)
• 3D/2D computer Graphic application