Chapter 5 Neoplasms Hybrid 2009
Transcript of Chapter 5 Neoplasms Hybrid 2009
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Neoplasms
Chapter 5
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Benign vs Malignant
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Benign Tumor
Found in a localized area
Grows slowly
Cells closely resemble normal cells or arewell differentiated.
Often tumor is encapsulated
Usually does not recur after surgery or treatment.
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Types of Benign Tumors
Glandular – adenoma
Fatty – lipoma
Muscle – myomaVascular – angiomas
Epithelial – papilloma
Brain – meningiomas
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Biology of Cancer
Normal regulation of cell growth Growth factors, growth inhibitors, cell cycle
proteins & cell death (apoptosis)
Change in genetic material prepares cells to
become cancerous
Cells lose their specialized structure &
function Cell division proceeds indefinitely; no regulatory
mechanisms
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Cancer’s Progressive
EvolutionHyperplasia – excessive cell growthDysplasia – abnormal cell growth
Carcinoma in situ – cancer that remains in
placeMetastasize – carcinomas that spread
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Cancer Risk Factors &
Preventive Measures
Hereditary Inherited gene mutations, tumor-suppressor genes
and/or tumor-promoting genes (Oncogenes) Breast cancer – BRCA 1 & 2
Ovarian cancer – Kiras
Bladder cancer – RB
Inherited chromosomal disorders Fanconi’s Aplasia
Down Syndrome
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Cancer Risk Factors &
Preventive Measures
Tobacco Smoking damages nearly every organ in the
human body
linked to at least 10 different cancers
accounts for some 30% of all cancer deaths
one in four Americans still smoke
costs billions of dollars each year cancer from smoking is preventable
STOP Smoking
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Cancer Risk Factors &
Preventive Measures, cont’d
SUN sun tanning caused by too much exposure to
ultraviolet (UV) rays. exposure from the sun
some may come from manmade sources, such as
tanning beds.
sunburn will fade, but damage to deeper layers of
skin remains and can eventually cause cancer
Use Sun Screen
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Cancer Risk Factors &
Preventive Measures, cont’d
Environmental Carcinogens Certain chemicals might increase your cancer risk Lead, asbestos, benzene, tetrachloroethylene,
diazamine are just some Polluted air Exposure to house hold products Exposure to pesticides, fungicides, & lawn
chemicalsUse caution & protective clothing when
dealing environmental carcinogens
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Cancer Risk Factors &
Preventive Measures, cont’d
Infections Infections are linked to 15 – 20% of cancers
Hepatitis C linked to liver cancer
Helicobacter pylori is linked to stomach cancer Chronic infections suppresses immune system or directly affect a
cell’s DNA.
Viral infections can affect cell mutations causing cancer
AIDS & Kaposi’s sarcoma
Maintain a healthy lifestyle to keep immune system intact
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Cancer Risk Factors &
Preventive Measures, cont’d
Radiation Limit the amount of x-rays being taken
Nutrition & Physical Activity Overweight is linked to Esophagus Colon & rectum Breast Endometrium Kidney
Follow the “Dietary Goals of Americans”
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Preventive Measures
Have regular physicals after age 50Have yearly mammograms & perform self-breast
checks
Have yearly Pap Smears (Papanicolaou test) &PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen test)
Watch for skin changes; especially raiseddiscolored lesions
Eat healthy foodExercise regularly
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Classification of Neoplasms
Classified according to body tissue
Classified into three categories
Carcinomas Sarcomas
Blood & lymph neoplasms
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Carcinomas
Any malignant cancer that arises from epithelial cells
Classified by anatomical entitiy & pathological entity
Thyroid carcinoma
Breast carcinoma
Colon carcinoma
Hepatocarcinoma
Skin carcinomas
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Sarcomas
Arise from supportive & connective tissue Soft Tissues Liposarcoma
Leiomyosarcomas
Neurofibrosarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Bone Osteosarcoma
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Lymphomas
Lymphomas – arise from the
lymph nodes, spleen or bone
marrow
Hodgkin’s Disease Diagnosed by Lymph node
biopsy & the finding of Reed-
Sternberg Cell in bone
marrow/lymph node biopsy
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas Diagnosed the same as above
Reed-Sternberg Cell
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Diagnosis of Neoplasms Medical history & physical exam
Ultrasonography
Radiography
Endoscopy
Computed tomography (CT Scans)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Blood Tests (Peripheral & Bone Marrow)
Blood Tests for Tumor Markers
CEA – carcinoembryonic antigen/ colonrectal cancer
PSA – prostatic specific antigen/ prostate cancer
CA-125 – ovarian, uterus, breast, colon
Tissue Biopsy
Fine needle biopsy/core biopsy
PAP Smear
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Grading & Staging Neoplasms
TNM Staging System T: extent of primary tumor
N: absence/presence of lymph node involvement
M: absence/presence of distant metastasis
To determine the degree of anaplasia Grade I – well differentiated
Grade II & III – moderately or poorly differentiated
Grade IV – undifferentiated; doesn’t resemble
original tissue
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Treatment of Neoplasma
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy (Biotherapy) Interferon
Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Monoclonal Antibodies
Hormonal Therapy
Alternative Therapy
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Case Study 1
Kai Simpson has surfed since he was a young
teenager through his young adulthood years off
the coast of Maui, where he was born and
raised. Every time the surf was up and the sun
was out, he was on his board. Twenty years
later, he is diagnosed with malignant
melanoma.
1. What protective measure might Kai have taken as a
young surfer?2. What is malignant melanoma?
3. Identify possible treatment measures that might betaken?
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Case Study 2
A 72-year-old man, Keith Wilson, was diagnosed with lungcancer and died less than a year later. In reviewing his
history, it was noted that he remembered aspirating
peanuts, husks and all, when he was a child; no treatment
was available. Keith was a heavy smoker since his
teenage years and smoked cigars into his 50s. Keith’s wife
and son vividly recall taking many family automobile trips
to Canada and Mexico, crisscrossing the nation, with Keith
smoking in the enclosed automobile.
1. What is the effect of secondary smoke to Keith’s wife andson?
2. What preventative measures could have Keith taken early inlife?
3. Describe how debilitating lung cancer can be.