Chapter 5 Key Issue 2

Germanic Branch

West Germanic group- subgroups named for what? High-German Low- English, Dutch, Flemish

North Germanic group Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic

All 4 derive from Old Norse Became 4 different languages- why?

Indo-Iranian Branch

Indic (Eastern) group India + neighbors Major language of this group- Hindi Why is Hindi considered one singular language, even

though there are many ways to speak it? Hindi not the official language of India- why?

Repercussions of this?

Iranian (Western) group Iran + neighbors Languages include Persian and Kurdish What alphabet are these languages written in?

Balto-Slavic Branch

Slavic was once a single language- why did differences develop?

East Slavic and Baltic groups Russian is by far the most primarily spoken of this group- why? Other languages in this group are Ukrainian and Belarusian

West and South Slavic groups Polish, Czech, and Slovak are most widely spoken in this group Czechoslovakia language difficulties? Serbo-Croatian has become what?

Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian What is the main difference between the Bosnian/Croatian version

and the Montenegran/Serbian version of Serbo-Croatian? What are some other differences?

Romance Branch

Romance branch evolved from which language?

Four languages correspond to the boundaries of which four countries? Four languages: Four countries:

Diffusion of English- Case Study

Celts- British Isles, 2000 BCInvasion- Germanic tribes, 450 AD

Anglo-SaxonsNormans- 1066 AD

French only Most people kept speaking English- why? Combination words = English

America- 1607 England defeated France in battle for colonization in 1700s

Colonies- 1600s-1899 Ireland, South Asia, South Pacific, southern Africa,

Philippines

Diffusion of Romance Languages- Case Study

Latin- “Roman’s language”Roman Empire- spread Latin through __

diffusion? Latin in the captured provinces- “Vulgar Latin”, which

was the people’s Latin After the Roman Empire collapsed, these

different regions’ versions of Latin changed because of __?

Diffusion of Proto-Indo-European: Theory 1

Proto-Indo-European: the original language that the Indo-European *family* evolved from (the roots of our tree)

Theory 1: The Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis Marija Gimbutas is the author of this hypothesis

First PIE speakers were the Kurgan people Lived between Russia and Kazakhstan Can be traced back to 4300 BC Conquered much of Europe and South Asia, spread

PIE as they went

Diffusion of Proto-Indo-European: Theory 2

Theory 2: The Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis Supporters of this theory include Colin Renfrew and

Russell D. GrayFirst PIE speakers lived in Turkey about 2000

years or more before the Kurgans They migrated west and northwestThis all occurred through peaceful migration-

because the speakers were agricultural, their culture and language triumphed What does agriculture have to do with it?

Understanding Check

Describe the diffusion of either English, Romance languages, or one of the theories of the Proto-Indo-European language

One paragraphMay use notes

Four Indo-European Branches

Germanic (1 group) Indo-Iranian

Indic/Eastern (1 group)Iranian/Western (1 group)

Balto-SlavicEast Slavic and Baltic (1

group)West and South Slavic (1

group)Romance (1 group)

Diffusion of English (1 group)Diffusion of Romance (1 group)Diffusion of Indo-European #1 (1 group)Diffusion of Indo-European #2 (1 group)