Chapter 5Chapter 5Creating a Buffer ColonyCreating a Buffer Colony

GPSGPS: : Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the

charter of 1732, the reasons for settlement charter of 1732, the reasons for settlement (charity, economics, defense), Tomochichi, Mary (charity, economics, defense), Tomochichi, Mary

Musgrove, and the city of Savannah.Musgrove, and the city of Savannah.

Essential QuestionEssential Question: : How was the founding/evolution of the How was the founding/evolution of the

Georgia colony unique?Georgia colony unique?

Reasons for the ColonyThreats from SpanishSpanish encourage Native Americans to

attack Charles TownFort King George built to protect

Carolina border; abandoned 1728

What other countries do you think the Carolinas need protection from?

Hard Times in EnglandJames Edward Oglethorpe -member, British

Parliament England overcrowded, people unable to pay

debts imprisoned (Robert Castill) Oglethorpe favors prison reform, wants debtors’

colony-give debtors fresh start, colony could sell materials to England and protect Charles Town

Why do you think Oglethorpe favored prison reform?

The Creation of Georgia Oglethorpe, 20 other prominent men—

trustees-draft charter in 1730 Propose colony name “Georgia” after King

George II; three purposes of GA colony:1-charitable: relief for debtors, “worthy poor”2-economic: self-supporting, providing cheap

resources for England3-defensive: protective barrier between

Florida-Charles Town King signs charter, grants lands southwest of

Carolina, June 9, 1732Which purpose do you think the king is most concerned about?

The Creation of Georgia Colonists offered free passage, 50 acres, 1 year

support for family 500 acres tax-free for 10 years for those who

can pay passage Many “worthy poor” —artisans, businessmen

—apply instead of debtors “Resident Trustee” Oglethorpe pays own

way, leads colony

2shillings ? shillings50 acres 500 acres

How many shillings would a person pay if they owned 500 acres? How much money would they save over a ten year tax free period?

New Rules for a New ColonyTrustees cannot own land in Georgia,

do not make profitAll colonists get same amount of land

so social classes do not formHard liquor, slavery, Catholics,

and lawyers not allowedLand cannot be sold or borrowed

against; only men can inherit

Why do you think the trustees do not want social classes to form?

Sailing to GeorgiaSailing to GeorgiaShip Ann sets sail November 17, 1732,

with 115 passengersTwo months to cross Atlantic; travel

conditions poorOglethorpe meets with Royal Governor

of South Carolina-wants protection from Spanish

and Yamasee Indians

What kind of problems might occur in during the voyage that might cause someone to get sick or die?

ReviewReview1.1. What was the name of the fort built What was the name of the fort built

on the Altamaha River to protect on the Altamaha River to protect Charles Town?Charles Town?

1.1. This man is credited with the founding This man is credited with the founding of Georgia.of Georgia.

1.1. Prominent, trustworthy men who Prominent, trustworthy men who helped draft the charter for Georgia helped draft the charter for Georgia are called ________.are called ________.

ReviewReview1.1. Georgia was to be founded as a _____ Georgia was to be founded as a _____

colonycolony

1.1. Three reasons for the founding of Three reasons for the founding of Georgia were _______, ______ and Georgia were _______, ______ and ________.________.

1.1. People who could pay their passage People who could pay their passage were given ____ acres of land.were given ____ acres of land.

ReviewReview1.1. Many “___ ___” applied to be colonists Many “___ ___” applied to be colonists

instead of debtors.instead of debtors.

1.1. Georgia is named after ____ ___ __.Georgia is named after ____ ___ __.

9.9. A trustee who lived in the Georgia colony A trustee who lived in the Georgia colony was called a _______ __________.was called a _______ __________.

10.10. James Oglethorpe and the colonists James Oglethorpe and the colonists came to Georgia on the ship ______.came to Georgia on the ship ______.

Establishing the ColonyEstablishing the ColonyYamacraw Bluff —spot near Savannah

River chosen for colony-becomes town of Savannah

John and Mary Musgrove own trading post near Yamacraw

John: son of Colonel John Musgrove of South Carolina

Mary: born “Cousaponakeesa” to white trader and Creek Indian

Musgroves have a trade monopoly with the Yamacraw, Charlestown colonist.

Chief TomochichiTomochichi is chief of Yamacraw; part of

Creek ConfederacyMusgroves help Oglethorpe negotiate

treaty with TomochichiGeorgia guard prepares area, colonists

arrive February 1, 1733

Tomochichi lived into his late 90’s and a large granite stone commemorating his life was placed near his burial site in Savannah

Negotiating with the CreekNegotiating with the CreekOglethorpe meets with Creek chiefs to

establish peaceAfter three days, Treaty of Savannah

signed:1-colonists receive land, prices set for trade2-Creek will return escaped slaves to South Carolina3-promise that colonists will not take other Creek lands

Continued help from friendsContinued help from friends Musgroves translate, negotiate between

colonists and natives Allow Oglethorpe to use employees as

assistants Oglethorpe takes Musgroves, Tomochichi to

England in 1734 Tomochichi impressed by King, trustees; Creek,

English ally Oglethorpe and Creek chiefs sign Treaty of

Coweta in 1739-chiefs vow loyalty to George II, reconfirm 1733 land grant

QuestionsQuestions

1.1. Three reasons for the founding of Three reasons for the founding of Georgia were _______, ______ and Georgia were _______, ______ and ________.________.

1.1. The chief of the Yamacraw was The chief of the Yamacraw was _________._________.

2.2. This man is credited with the founding This man is credited with the founding of Georgia.of Georgia.

QuestionsQuestions

4. 4. ____ ____ was a spot near Savannah River chosen for colony, later became Savannah.

5. The ____ __ _____ was an agreement between the Creek and the colonists, Creek gave land and agreed to take slaves back to S. Carolina.

6. These people owned a trading post and 6. These people owned a trading post and acted as translators between the Creek acted as translators between the Creek and the colonists.and the colonists.

QuestionsQuestions7. Musgroves have trade _______ with the

Yamacraw and Charles Town colonists.8. ____ was born “Cousaponakeesa” to a

white trader and Creek Indian9. Lawyers, slaves, Catholics and ____

were not allowed in Georgia.

10. In the _____ ___ _____ the 10. In the _____ ___ _____ the chiefs vow loyalty to George II, reconfirm 1733 land grant.

Establishing SavannahEstablishing Savannah Colonists work as group and build

palisade—strong wooden wall of defense around compound

Savannah layout based on Azilia design Four district with open public square in each

-public buildings in each corner, house lots

surround square Fort Argyle along Ogeechee River first of 7

forts to protect Savannah Scots Highlanders build fort near Altamaha River, February 1736 -name area Darien, name town New Inverness

More residents for the ColonyMore residents for the Colony

Settlers continue to arrive, including three religious groups:

-Moravians—Protestants from Czechoslovakia

-Salzburgers—Austrian, near German border

-Jews from Portugal—initially, trustees prohibited Jewish settlersAll groups had been persecuted in

original countries

Religion in the ColoniesReligion in the ColoniesTrustees afraid Catholic settlers may ally

with Spanish in FloridaOglethorpe brings ministers, two

brothers, in 1736John Wesley —founds Methodist

movementCharles Wesley —Oglethorpe’s secretary,

chaplain at Fort FredericaGeorge Whitefield comes on later trip;

founds Bethesda Home for Boys

Augusta FoundedAugusta FoundedCommunications between Savannah,

Charles Town begins October 1734Secure settlement between towns needed

as trade growsOglethorpe completes way station north

of Savannah, June 1736-names site Augusta in honor of

Princess Augusta of Wales

Discontent Among the ColonistsDiscontent Among the ColonistsLand Trustees won’t trade poor land for better land Difficult to grow crops requested by England Colonists cannot sell, trade land; women can’t

inheritSlaves Farmers able to grow rice, indigo, but crops are

labor-intensive Envy profitability of South Carolina crops using

slave laborRum Banned, available in other colonies; item of

trade with Native Americans

Hardships take tollHardships take toll

Colonists are unprepared for life in new colony

Soil, climate wrong for intended cropsTrustees mock complainers; some

colonists leave for South Carolina

QuestionsQuestions1. ________—strong wooden wall of

defense around a compound.2. What was the first of 7 forts built to

protect Savannah?3. Who was Oglethorpe’s secretary and

chaplain at Fort Frederica?4. ________ was named after Princess

Augusta of Wales.5. Colonists cannot sell or _____ land.

QuestionsQuestions6.6. Augusta began as a Augusta began as a __________ station town. station town.

1.1. Three religious groups that arrive near Three religious groups that arrive near Savannah are the Moravians, Savannah are the Moravians, Salzburgers, and the Salzburgers, and the ______________..

2.2. ___ ___ __________ founded the Methodists founded the Methodists Movement.Movement.

3.3. Colonists who disagree with rules of the Colonists who disagree with rules of the new colony move to new colony move to ________ ______________..

4.4. __________ is used as a major trade item with is used as a major trade item with the Indians.the Indians.

Defending the New ColonyDefending the New Colony

William Stephens arrives in 1736 to assist Oglethorpe

Georgia divided into two counties. Stephens in charge of Savannah, Oglethorpe in charge of Frederica

War of Jenkins’ Ear; Spanish guard cut off British officer’s ear; Britain declares war on Spain,1739

European conflict carried to the European conflict carried to the coloniescolonies

Oglethorpe invades Florida in 1740, aided by Native American allies

Spanish reinforcements arrive, Georgians retreat to Fort St. Simons

Minor fighting for two years, Spanish take Fort St. Simons in 1742

Oglethorpe evacuates, Spanish take fort

Spain is turned backSpain is turned back

Oglethorpe greatly outnumbered—650 to 2,000—but must defeat Spanish

Two small units ambush Spanish on march to Fort Frederica

Ambush—the Battle of Bloody Marsh —takes less than hour

Spanish retreat to St. Augustine three days later

England’s claim on Georgia land is now undisputed

Changes in LeadershipChanges in Leadership

Despite victory, trustees and settlers unhappy with Oglethorpe who returns to England. William Stephens new leader

QuestionsQuestions1.1. In 1741 Georgia was divided into two In 1741 Georgia was divided into two

counties Savannah and _______counties Savannah and _______

2.2. The first British fort that Spanish The first British fort that Spanish capture is __ _____.capture is __ _____.

3.3. The ___ of ______ ___ was fought The ___ of ______ ___ was fought between England and Spain.between England and Spain.

4.4. Oglethorpe is in charge of ______ after Oglethorpe is in charge of ______ after Georgia is split into two counties.Georgia is split into two counties.

5.5. Before the Battle of Bloody Marsh, the Before the Battle of Bloody Marsh, the Spanish were on their way to what Spanish were on their way to what fort?fort?

Bonus Questions (5 pts. each)Bonus Questions (5 pts. each) The ____ of _____ _____ was a British The ____ of _____ _____ was a British

ambush on Spanish soldiers.ambush on Spanish soldiers.

______ ______ arrives in 1736 to assist ______ ______ arrives in 1736 to assist Oglethorpe.Oglethorpe.

Changing the RulesChanging the RulesLand 50-acre rule frustrates colonists, they want

larger farms Land limit increased to 2,000 acres, women

may now inherit propertyRum Rum drinking, sale allowed in 1742; valuable for

trading with nativesSlavery Some colonists asking for slavery since colony’s

start Slavery legalized in 1751; Scots Highlanders

and Salzburgers oppose

Becoming a Royal ColonyBecoming a Royal Colony

Trustees return colony to king in 1752 a year before charter expires

George II names John Reynolds first royal governor (1754)

Royal government: governor, 12-man council, legislature-council advises governor: forms Assembly’s Upper House, Court of Error-19 colonists elected to Commons House of Assembly, later 25

The Assembly takes ActionThe Assembly takes Action

First assembly meets on January 7, 1755

Reorganizes militia, funds roads, bridges; creates paper bills of credit

Establishes list of 10 crimes punishable by death

Approves first slave code—basis for all future Georgia slavery laws

A change of governorsA change of governors Reynolds disliked; tries to move capital, refuses advice from council Henry Ellis replaces him, 1758; inherits weak,

infighting colony Restores colony in three years; is well-liked,

respected-reforms government, divides Georgia into

parishes, settles land claims-keeps Creek neutral during French and Indian

War Resigns in early 1761, Lieutenant Governor

James Wright replaces him

A voice in governmentA voice in governmentColonists Have Voice in Government Commons House of Assembly gave colonists

political voice Forming Parishes Georgia divided into 8 districts—parishes—

similar to modern counties-primarily for organization; religious,

military bodies-members pay tax for church, poor

England has hands-off policy—“salutary neglect”—toward colonies

Colonists handle their own problems, Parliament’s laws rarely enforced