Chapter 5 Developing Arguments: Persuasive Communication Deny A. Kwary .
Chapter 5 - Communication
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Transcript of Chapter 5 - Communication
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BBB1113 | Intro to Management
Communication & Information Technology
BBB1113 | Intro to Business ManagementFaculty of Business Management & Globalization
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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E
Understanding Communications
• Differentiate between interpersonal and organizational
communication.
• Discuss the functions of communication.
The Process of Interpersonal Communications
• Explain all the components of the communication process.
• List the communication methods managers might use.
• Describe nonverbal communication an how it takes place.
• Explain the barriers to effective interpersonal communication and
how to overcome them.
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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Organizational Communication
• Explain how communication can flow in an organization.
• Describe the three common communication networks.
• Discuss how managers should handle the grapevine.
Understanding Information Technology
• Describe how technology affects managerial communication.
• Define e-mail, instant messaging, voice-mail, fax, EDI,
teleconferencing, videoconferencing, intranet, and extranet.
• Explain how information technology affects organizations.
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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Communication Issues in Today’s Organization
• Discuss how Internet employee gripe sites affect communication.
• Explain how organizations can manage knowledge.
• Explain why communicating with customers is an important
managerial issue.
• Explain how political correctness is affecting communication.
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What Is Communication?
• Communication
– The transfer and understanding of meaning.
• Transfer means the message was received in a form that can be
interpreted by the receiver.
• Understanding the message is not the same as the receiver
agreeing with the message.
– Interpersonal Communication
• Communication between two or more people
– Organizational Communication
• All the patterns, network, and systems of communications within
an organization
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Four Functions of Communication
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Functions ofFunctions ofCommunicationCommunication
Functions ofFunctions ofCommunicationCommunication
ControlControlControlControl MotivationMotivationMotivationMotivation
EmotionalEmotionalExpressionExpression
EmotionalEmotionalExpressionExpressionInformationInformationInformationInformation
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Functions of Communication
• Control
– Formal and informal communications act to control individuals’
behaviors in organizations.
• Motivation
– Communications clarify for employees what is to done, how well they
have done it, and what can be done to improve performance.
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Functions of Communication (cont’d)
• Emotional Expression
– Social interaction in the form of work group communications provides a
way for employees to express themselves.
• Information
– Individuals and work groups need information to make decisions or to
do their work.
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Interpersonal Communication
• Message
– Source: sender’s intended meaning
• Encoding
– The message converted to symbolic form
• Channel
– The medium through which the message travels
• Decoding
– The receiver’s retranslation of the message
• Noise
– Disturbances that interfere with communications
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The Interpersonal Communication Process
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Distortions in Communications
• Message Encoding
– The effect of the skills, attitudes, and knowledge of the sender on the
process of encoding the message
– The social-cultural system of the sender
• The Message
– Symbols used to convey the message’s meaning
– The content of the message itself
– The choice of message format
– Noise interfering with the message
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Distortions in Communications (cont’d)
• The Channel
– The sender’s choice of the appropriate channel or multiple channels for
conveying the message
• Receiver
– The effect of skills, attitudes, and knowledge of the receiver on the
process of decoding the message
– The social-cultural system of the receiver
• Feedback Loop
– Communication channel distortions affecting the return message from
receiver to sender
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Interpersonal Communication Methods
• Face-to-face
• Telephone
• Group meetings
• Formal presentations
• Memos
• Traditional Mail
• Fax machines
• Employee publications
• Bulletin boards
• Audio- and videotapes
• Hotlines
• Computer conferencing
• Voice mail
• Teleconferences
• Videoconferences
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Evaluating Communication Methods
• Feedback
• Complexity capacity
• Breadth potential
• Confidentiality
• Encoding ease
• Decoding ease
• Time-space constraint
• Cost
• Interpersonal warmth
• Formality
• Scanability
• Time consumption
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Interpersonal Communication (cont’d)
• Nonverbal Communication
– Communication that is transmitted without words.
• Sounds with specific meanings or warnings
• Images that control or encourage behaviors
• Situational behaviors that convey meanings
• Clothing and physical surroundings that imply status
– Body language: gestures, facial expressions, and other body
movements that convey meaning.
– Verbal intonation: emphasis that a speaker gives to certain words or
phrases that conveys meaning.
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Interpersonal Communication Barriers
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DefensivenessDefensiveness
NationalNationalCultureCulture EmotionsEmotions
Information Information OverloadOverload
Interpersonal Interpersonal CommunicationCommunication
LanguageLanguage
FilteringFiltering
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Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication
• Filtering
– The deliberate manipulation of information to make it appear more
favorable to the receiver.
• Emotions
– Disregarding rational and objective thinking processes and
substituting emotional judgments when interpreting messages.
• Information Overload
– Being confronted with a quantity of information that exceeds an
individual’s capacity to process it.
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Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication
(cont’d)• Defensiveness
– When threatened, reacting in a way that reduces the ability to
achieve mutual understanding.
• Language
– The different meanings of and specialized ways (jargon) in which
senders use words can cause receivers to misinterpret their
messages.
• National Culture
– Culture influences the form, formality, openness, patterns and use of
information in communications.
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Overcoming the Barriers to Effective Interpersonal
Communications
• Use Feedback
• Simplify Language
• Listen Actively
• Constrain Emotions
• Watch Nonverbal Cues
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Active Listening Behaviors
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Types of Organizational Communication
• Formal Communication
– Communication that follows the official chain of command or is part of
the communication required to do one’s job.
• Informal Communication
– Communication that is not defined by the organization’s hierarchy.
• Permits employees to satisfy their need for social interaction.
• Can improve an organization’s performance by creating faster and
more effective channels of communication.
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Communication Flows
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Lateral Lateral
Diagonal
Diagonal
DDoowwnnwwaarrdd
UUppwwaarrdd
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Direction of Communication Flow
• Downward
– Communications that flow from managers to employees to inform,
direct, coordinate, and evaluate employees.
• Upward
– Communications that flow from employees up to managers to keep
them aware of employee needs and how things can be improved to
create a climate of trust and respect.
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Direction of Communication Flow (cont’d)
• Lateral (Horizontal) Communication
– Communication that takes place among employees on the same level
in the organization to save time and facilitate coordination.
• Diagonal Communication
– Communication that cuts across both work areas and organizational
levels in the interest of efficiency and speed.
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Types of Communication Networks
• Chain Network
– Communication flows according to the formal chain of command, both
upward and downward.
• Wheel Network
– All communication flows in and out through the group leader (hub) to
others in the group.
• All-Channel Network
– Communications flow freely among all members of the work team.
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Three Common Organizational Communication
Networks and How They Rate on Effectiveness
Criteria
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The Grapevine
• An informal organizational communication network that is active in almost
every organization.
– Provides a channel for issues not suitable for formal communication
channels.
– The impact of information passed along the grapevine can be
countered by open and honest communication with employees.
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Information Technology
• Benefits of Information Technology (IT)
– Increased ability to monitor individual and team performance
– Better decision making based on more complete information
– More collaboration and
sharing of information
– Greater accessibility
to coworkers
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Information Technology (cont’d)• Networked Computer Systems
– Linking individual computers to create an
organizational network for communication and
information sharing.
• Instant messaging
• Voice-mail
• Fax machines
• Electronic Data Exchange (EDI)
• Teleconferencing
• Videoconferencing
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Information Technology (cont’d)• Types of Network Systems
– Intranet
• An internal network that uses Internet
technology and is accessible only to
employees.
– Extranet
• An internal network that uses Internet
technology and allows authorized users
inside the organization to communicate with
certain outsiders such as customers and
vendors.
– Wireless capabilitiesCopyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 11–30
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How IT Affects Organization
• Removes the constraints of time and distance
– Allows widely dispersed employees to work together.
• Provides for the sharing of information
– Increases effectiveness and efficiency.
• Integrates decision making and work
– Provides more complete information and participation for better
decisions.
• Creates problems of constant accessibility to employees
– Blurs the line between work and personal lives.
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Current Communication Issues
• Being connected versus being concerned
– Managing Internet gripe sites as a valuable resource for unique insights
into the organization.
• Employee complaints (“hot-button” issues)
• Customer complaints
– Responding to Internet gripe sites
• Recognized them as a valuable source of information.
• Post messages that clarify misinformation.
• Take action to correct problems noted on the site.
• Set up an internal gripe site.
• Continue to monitor the public gripe site.Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 11–32
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Current Communication Issues (cont’d)
• Managing the Organization’s Knowledge Resources
– Build online information databases that employees can access.
– Create “communities of practice” for groups of people who share a
concern, share expertise, and interact with each other.
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Communication and Customer Service
• Communicating Effectively with Customers
– Recognize the three components of the customer service delivery
process:
• The customer
• The service organization
• The service provider
– Develop a strong service culture focused on the personalization of
service to each customer.
• Listen and respond to the customer.
• Provide access to needed service information.
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“Politically Correct” Communication
• Do not use words or phrases that stereotype, intimidate, or offend
individuals based on their differences.
• However, choose words carefully to maintain as much clarity as possible in
communications.
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End of Lecture