Biological Membranes and Transport ... - Marquette University
Chapter 5: Biological Membranes
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Transcript of Chapter 5: Biological Membranes
Chapter 5: Biological MembranesAP BiologyChapter 5
Plasma Membrane
Functions: separates the cell's insides from outside regulates passage of materials into/out
of celltransmitting signals and info. between
the cell and environmentparticipates in chemical reactionsessential part of energy transfer and
storage systems
Composition:- lipid bilayer - proteins- in constant motion
Membrane Proteins
*Important area of research: how membrane proteins function in health/disease
many are enzymesfunction in transport of
materials/informationconnect cells together to form
tissues
Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid: 2 fatty acid chains linked to
a glycerol molecule - nonpolar, hydrophobic ends (fatty acids) - hydrophilic ends (phosphate group)- hydrophobic "tails" turn to inside of membrane - hydrophilic "heads" turn to outer ends of membrane
- amphipathic - have distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Phospholipid BilayerHydrogen bonds form between
the phospholipid "heads" and the watery environment inside and outside of the cell
Hydrophobic interactions force the "tails" to face inward
Phospholipids are not bonded to each other, which makes the double layer fluid
Fluid Mosaic ModelCell membrane consists of a fluid
bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which proteins are embedded
- like the tiles in a mosaic picture
NOT static - proteins can move
p.107 diagram of fluid mosaic model
Membrane ProteinsFunctions:
◦Transport of small molecules◦Enzymes ◦Information transfer ◦Identification tags - allow for cell-cell
recognition
Membrane Proteins
◦Integral Proteins - firmly bound to the membrane, usually do not extend all the way through amphipathic
◦hydrophilic regions extend out of the cell or into
cytoplasm - hydrophobic regions interact with fatty acid tails of the phospholipids
Membrane ProteinsTransmembrane Proteins -
extend through the membrane, also amphipathic
Membrane Proteins
Peripheral Proteins - not embedded in the lipid bilayer◦located on the inner or outer
surfaces of the plasma membrane◦can be removed from the membrane
without disrupting the structure
Cell Membrane is Selectively Permeable
Most membranes are permeable to small molecules and lipid-soluble or polar molecules
Water molecules may pass through the lipid bilayer◦gases: such as O2 and CO2
Transport Across MembranesPassive Transport - does not
require energy, moves with the concentration gradient
Active Transport - requires ATP, moves against the concentration gradient
Simple DiffusionProcess based on random motionParticles move down
concentration gradient -from an area of high concentration to low concentration◦can occur rapidly ◦occurs until equilibrium is reached
Types of Diffusion:Osmosis - diffusion of water
across a selectively permeable membrane ◦p.114 Figure 5-11
Dialysis - diffusion of a solute across a selectively permeable membrane◦p.113 Figure 5-10
High H2O potentialLow solute concentration
Low H2O potentialHigh solute concentration
Osmotic Pressure
the tendency of water to move into a solution by osmosis
solution with high solute concentration, low water, has a high osmotic pressure
solution with a low solute concentration, high water, low osmotic pressure
Isotonic - equal solute concentration◦ ex. blood plasma isotonic to blood cells
Hypertonic - higher solute concentration- if a cell is placed in a hypertonic environment, water will leave the cell, the cell shrinks- plasmolysis occurs: plasma membrane separates from cell wall
Hypotonic - lower solute concentration- a cell placed in a hypotonic environment will gain water, swell, and possibly burst
Turgor PressureTurgor Pressure - internal pressure of cells
with cell walls◦Plants, Algae, and Bacteria
Enables them to withstand a low solute concentration outside the cell
Cell is hypertonic to environmentWater moves into cell, cell swells, building
pressure -> turgor pressure against cell wallCell does not burst b/c of cell wall, resist
stretching and water molecules must stop moving into the cell
Carrier-Mediated TransportMembrane proteins move ions or
molecules across a membrane2 types:
1. facilitated diffusion (passive)2. carrier-mediated active transport
Carrier-Mediated TransportFacilitated diffusion - with
concentration gradient, requires transport protein
energy comes from concentration gradient
ex. glucose permease - transports glucose into red blood cells
Carrier-Mediated Active TransportCarrier-mediated Active Transport -
movement of solutes across membrane against concentration gradient
particles must be "pumped" from region or low conc. to region of high conc.
requires energy source - ATP, and transport protein
ex. sodium-potassium pump: in all animal cells, pump sodium ions out of cell and potassium ions into cell
Other Types of Active Transportlarge particles such as food, cell
partsrequires ATPEndocytosis and Exocytosis
Active Transport video clip
ExocytosisCell ejects waste products or
hormones by the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane
Vesicle releases contents from the cell
EndocytosisMaterials are taken into the cell Types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Endocytosis Video clip
Phagocytosis"cell eating"cell ingests large solid particles
such as bacteria and foodex. protists, white blood cells plasma membrane folds enclose
particle, forms a vacuole, fuses, then enters the cell and fuses with lysosomes
Pinocytosis"cell drinking"cell takes in dissolved materialsdroplets of fluid are trapped by
folds in the membranepinch off into the cytosol as tiny
vesicles liquid is slowly transferred into
the cytosol vesicles become smaller, then
disappear