Chapter 5
description
Transcript of Chapter 5
AP Biology
Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together
to form larger molecules macromolecules
4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
AP Biology
Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating
building blocks in a chain monomers
building blocks repeated small units
covalent bonds
AP Biology
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer Synthesis http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=6
joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH–
other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O
requires energy & enzymes
enzymeDehydration synthesisCondensation reaction
AP Biology
H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer Digestion http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=7&debug=0
use H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H2O is split into H+ and OH–
H+ & OH– attach to ends requires enzymes releases energy
HydrolysisDigestion
enzyme
AP Biology
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of __, __, __
carbo - hydr - ateCH2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Function: fast energy u energy storage raw materials ustructural materials
Monomer: sugars ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
C6H12O6(CH2O)x
AP Biology
Functional groups determine function
carbonyl
ketone
aldehyde
carbonyl
AP Biology
Sugar structure5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
AP Biology
Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars glucose
Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose
Polysaccharides large polymers starch
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Glucose
AP Biology
Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
monosaccharides disaccharide
|maltose
H2O
AP Biology
Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
monosaccharides
|sucrose
(table sugar)
disaccharide
H2O
AP Biology
Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy
What are they used for? energy storage
starch (plants) glycogen (animals)
in liver & muscles structure
cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)
AP Biology
(a) The structure of the chitin monomer.
OCH2OH
OHH
H OH
H
NH
C
CH3
O
H
H
(b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emergingin adult form.
(c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical
thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals.
OH
CHITIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
AP Biology
Polysaccharides in cells
starch(plant)
glycogen(animal)
energystorag
e
AP Biology
Polysaccharides in cells As starch is being stored, it undergoes
hydrolysis reactions (as needed) to release energy.
AP Biology
Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose structure determines function…
in starch in cellulose
AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest enzyme
enzyme
cellulosehard todigest
only bacteria can digest
AP Biology
Starch Cellulose
AP Biology
Cellulose Most abundant organic
compound on Earth herbivores contain a mechanism to digest
cellulose most carnivores do not
that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
cellulose = “insoluble fiber”
Regents Biology
Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology
Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Regents Biology 2007-2008
Any Questions??