Chapter 5Chapter 5

The Human Body

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The Planes of the BodyThe Planes of the Body

Anterior: Front side (Ventral)Posterior: Back side (Dorsal)Midline: Imaginary line that divides bodyMidclavicular line: Imaginary line at center

of clavicle (collar bone)Midaxillary line: Imaginary line at armpits

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The Planes of the BodyThe Planes of the Body

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Directional TermsDirectional Terms (1 of 3) (1 of 3)

Right: The patient’s rightLeft: The patient’s leftLateral: Away from the midlineMedial: Toward the midline

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Directional TermsDirectional Terms (2 of 3) (2 of 3)

Superior: Nearer or toward the headInferior: Nearer or toward the feetDistal: Toward the free endProximal: Toward the trunk

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Directional TermsDirectional Terms (3 of 3) (3 of 3)

Superficial: close to or on the skinDeep: further inside the bodyPalmar: palm/front of handPlantar: bottom of footApices: tip or topmost portion of a structureBilateral: body part that appears on both

sides of midline

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Directional TermsDirectional Terms

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Movement TermsMovement Terms

Flexion: Extremity (knee or elbow) in flexed position

Extension: Extremity in straight positionAdduction: Extremity next to bodyAbduction: Extremity away from body

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Movement TermsMovement Terms

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Anatomic PositionsAnatomic PositionsProne: Face downSupine: Face upFowler’s position: body sitting up, knees bentLateral recumbent: on sideTrendelenberg’s Position: body supine with

head lower than feetShock Position: Trendelenberg with legs

elevated and the head and torso supine

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The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal SystemGives form to the body

Protects vital organs

Consists of 206 bones

Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles

Designed to permit motion of the body

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The SkullThe Skull

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The NeckThe Neck

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Spinal ColumnSpinal ColumnProtects spinal cordConsists of 33

vertebrae7 Cervical12 Thoracic5 Lumbar5 Sacrum4 Coccyx

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The ThoraxThe Thorax

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The Abdomen The Abdomen (1 of 2)(1 of 2)

The abdomen is the second major body cavity.

It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion.

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The Abdomen The Abdomen (2 of 2)(2 of 2)

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The PelvisThe Pelvis

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The Lower ExtremityThe Lower Extremity

Femur: thighbone

-Largest and strongest bone of bodyPatella: kneecapKnee JointTibia: shin bone (lower leg)Fibula: smaller bone of lower leg

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The Lower ExtremityThe Lower Extremity

Talus: ankle boneCalcaneus: heel boneFoot

– tarsal bones– metatarsal bones– phalanges--toes

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The Lower ExtremityThe Lower Extremity

Hip

Thigh

Knee

Leg

Ankle

Foot

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The Upper ExtremityThe Upper Extremity

Humerus: upper arm boneElbowRadius: thumb sideUlna: pinkie sideHand

– carpal bones– metacarpal bones– phalanges

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The Upper ExtremityThe Upper Extremity

Shoulder girdle

Arm

Elbow

Forearm

Wrist

Hand

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JointsJoints

Hinge:– Allows for only

hinging

Ball and Socket:– Allows hinging

and rotation

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Functions of the Functions of the Musculoskeletal SystemMusculoskeletal System

Gives the body shapeProtects internal organsProvides for movementConsists of more than 600 muscles

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Types of Muscle Types of Muscle (1 of 2)(1 of 2)

Skeletal (voluntary) muscle

– Attached to the bones of the body

Smooth (involuntary) muscle

– Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

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Types of Muscle Types of Muscle (2 of 2)(2 of 2)

Cardiac muscleInvoluntary muscleHas own blood supply and electrical

systemCan tolerate interruptions of blood supply

for only very short periods

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The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

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DiaphragmDiaphragm

Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles

Dome-shaped muscle

Divides thorax from abdomen

Contracts during inhalation

Relaxes during exhalation

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Infant and Child AnatomyInfant and Child Anatomy

Structures less rigidAirway smallerTongue

proportionally largerDependent on

diaphragm for breathing

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The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System

Consists of:– Heart– Blood– Blood Vessels

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The Nervous SystemThe Nervous SystemThe nervous system controls the body’s

voluntary and involuntary actions.

Somatic nervous systemRegulates voluntary actions

Autonomic nervous systemControls involuntary body functions

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Central Nervous System Central Nervous System (1 of 2)(1 of 2)

(Brain and Spinal Cord)(Brain and Spinal Cord)

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Central Nervous System Central Nervous System (2 of 2)(2 of 2)

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Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system.

Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system.

Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

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The Skin The Skin (1 of 2)(1 of 2)

Protects the body from the environment

Regulates body temperature

Transmits information from environment to the brain

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The Skin The Skin (2 of 2)(2 of 2)

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Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemComplex message and control system

Made up of 7 glands

Glands produce and release hormones.

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Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands (1 of 2)(1 of 2)

Adrenal: regulates salt, sugar, and sexual function

Ovary: regulates sexual function, characteristics, and reproduction in women

Pancreas: regulates glucose metabolismParathyroid: regulates serum calcium

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Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands (2 of 2)(2 of 2)

Pituitary: regulates all other endocrine glands

Testes: regulates sexual function, characteristics, and reproduction in men

Thyroid: regulates metabolism

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Digestive System Digestive System (1 of 7)(1 of 7)

MouthSalivary Glands:Located under the tongueProduces saliva (98% water)Oropharynx: oral and nasal structuresEsophagus:Collapsible tube about 10” long Connects mouth to stomachMuscle contractions propel food

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Digestive System Digestive System (2 of 7)(2 of 7)

Stomach:Located in left upper quadrant (LUQ)Stores food in large quantities and transfers to

small intestines in regular portions

Pancreas:Aids in digestion of fat, starch, and proteinsProduces about 2 liters of pancreatic juices per

dayProduces insulin

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Digestive System Digestive System (3 of 7)(3 of 7)

Liver:Largest solid organ of the bodyPoisonous substances produced by digestion

are rendered harmlessStorage of sugar and starchProduces factors necessary for blood clotting

and for producing plasmaSolid organ very rich in bloodFragile and easily injured

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Digestive System Digestive System (4 of 7)(4 of 7)

Bile Ducts:Connects the liver to the intestineThe gall bladder is an outpouching of the bile

ducts and stores bile Major function of bile is the digestion of fatSmall Intestine:The major hollow organ of the abdomenComposed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileumProduces enzymes and mucus to aid in digestion

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Digestive System Digestive System (5 of 7)(5 of 7)

Large Intestines:Consists of the cecum, colon, and rectumThe major function of the colon is to absorb

the final 5-10% of digested food and water from the intestine to produce solid waste

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Digestive System Digestive System (6 of 7)(6 of 7)

Appendix:3 to 4” long that opens into the cecum in the

right lower quadrant (RLQ) of the abdomenEasily obstructed, inflamed and infectedMajor cause of abdominal distressNo known function

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Digestive System Digestive System (7 of 7)(7 of 7)

Rectum:Lowermost end of the colonStores feces until it is expelledContains sphincters to control the escape of

waste products

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Urinary SystemUrinary System