Chapter 5-1. Chapter 5-2 CHAPTER 5 COST - VOLUME - PROFIT Managerial Accounting, Fourth Edition.
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Transcript of Chapter 5
Quantum Numbers
• There are four quantum numbers that describe the properties of an electron and the “orbital” that it occupies within an atom.
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What are orbitals?
• The main division of energy for an electron within an atom is called the energy level or shell.
• The energy level (shell) is subdivided into distinct areas called sublevels (subshells).
• The sublevels are divided into orbitals. The orbitals are where the electrons are found.
• Each orbital can hold no more than a pair of electrons.
Four Quantum Numbers describe the following:
1. distance from the nucleus
2. shape of the orbital
3. 3-dimensional positioning of the orbital
4. direction of electron’s spin within the orbital
The First Quantum Number The Principal Quantum Number
• Abbreviated as “n”• n = 1,2,3...• Represents the
distance of an electron from the nucleus & the main energy level of the electron.
What else does the Principal Quantum Number (n) tell us?
• n = number of sublevels in the energy level.
What else does the Principal Quantum Number (n) tell us?
• n2 = number of orbitals in the energy level.
What else does the Principal Quantum Number (n) tell us?
• 2n2 = maximum number of electrons possible in the energy level.
n Energy level
# of sublevels
# of orbitals
Max # of electrons
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 8 3 3 3 9 18 4 4 4 16 32
The Second Quantum Number (Types of Sublevels)
• The second quantum number identifies the type of sublevel that the electron occupies.
• There are four types of sublevels in atoms.
• The sublevels are identified by the letters: s, p, d, f
Types of sublevels
• There are four types of sublevels in atoms.• The sublevels are designated s, p, d, f.
n Energy level
# of sublevels
Sublevel types
1 1 1 1s 2 2 2 2s, 2p 3 3 3 3s, 3p, 3d 4 4 4 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
The Third Quantum Number
• The third quantum number identifies the orbital that the electron is in.
• An orbital is an area within a sublevel that can hold up to two electrons.
The 4th Energy Level
• How many sublevels are present and what type are they?
• Four sublevels: s, p, d, f
The Fourth Quantum Number “s”
• Also called the spin quantum number.
• Can be either +1/2 or -1/2.
• Specifies the direction of spin of the electron on its axis.
• Spins are designated up or down.