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Transcript of Chapter 5
World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd Ed.) Ed.)
Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman
Chapter 5: Chapter 5:
Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa
Robert M. ArthurRobert M. Arthur
Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa
RegionsRegions• West Africa, East West Africa, East
Africa and South Africa and South AfricaAfrica
• The Horn, The Horn, equatorial Africa, equatorial Africa, Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Islands and the Islands and the Sahal Sahal
• 42 mainland countries42 mainland countries• 6 island nations6 island nations• 2 French territories2 French territories• 688 million people688 million people
Setting the BoundariesSetting the Boundaries
Africa south of the Sahara DesertAfrica south of the Sahara Desert• 43 mainland states plus the island 43 mainland states plus the island
nations of Madagascar, Cape Verde, São nations of Madagascar, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Principe, Seychelles, Tomé and Principe, Seychelles, Mauritius and the French territory of Mauritius and the French territory of ReunionReunion
Similar livelihood systemsSimilar livelihood systems Shared colonial experienceShared colonial experience
Sub-SaharanAfrica
Zambezi National Park
ResourcesResources
Volcanic RockVolcanic Rock• Crystalline Crystalline
rocks – rocks – mineralsminerals
Sedimentary Sedimentary Rocks – Fossil Rocks – Fossil FuelsFuels
Major LandformsMajor Landforms
Plateau ContinentPlateau Continent• BasinsBasins• HighlandsHighlands• Rift ValleyRift Valley
Tectonic activityTectonic activity SeparatingSeparating Long lakesLong lakes
• RiversRivers CongoCongo ZambeziZambezi
• Victoria FallsVictoria Falls NigerNiger OrangeOrange LimpopoLimpopo
Climate
Imagine you are traveling from the Equator to the Tropic of Capricorn. Describe the biomes you would travelthrough based on climatic information.
African BiomesAfrican Biomes
Tropical Forests
Savannas Deserts
ClimateClimate
Mostly TropicalMostly Tropical• Intertropical Intertropical
Convergence Convergence Zone (ITCZ)Zone (ITCZ)
Rising airRising air Heavy rainfallHeavy rainfall
• Subtropical HighsSubtropical Highs Descending airDescending air Desert conditionsDesert conditions HarmattanHarmattan
Environmental Issues – Overview
The Sahel and DesertificationThe Sahel and Desertification SahelSahel
• Transitional ZoneTransitional Zone Southern ChadSouthern Chad
Prolonged DroughtProlonged Drought
Human ImpactsHuman Impacts• OvergrazingOvergrazing• Agricultural expansionAgricultural expansion
FamineFamine• Central NigerCentral Niger
Monitoring Land Cover and Monitoring Land Cover and Conservation in NigerConservation in Niger
1975 2003
DeforestationDeforestation Aggravates soil Aggravates soil
erosion, moisture erosion, moisture loss, and shortage loss, and shortage of biofuelsof biofuels
Impact on wildlife Impact on wildlife habitathabitat
Fuelwood in Addis Ababaand Deforestation in Madagascar
DamsDams
Hydroelectric Hydroelectric PotentialPotential• Power for mines, Power for mines,
smelting, public smelting, public consumption, and consumption, and exportexport
• Negative effectsNegative effects RelocationRelocation Destruction of good Destruction of good
landland Decreased river flowDecreased river flow SiltationSiltation Increases in Increases in
diseasesdiseases
Diseases, Insects & PestsDiseases, Insects & Pests
Affects People and LivestockAffects People and Livestock• Vectors: tsetse fly, mosquitoes, snails, wormsVectors: tsetse fly, mosquitoes, snails, worms• Malaria, river blindness, sleeping sickness, Malaria, river blindness, sleeping sickness,
yellow fever, and intestinal parasitesyellow fever, and intestinal parasites
AgricultureAgriculture
Less than 30% Less than 30% arablearable
Shifting CultivationShifting Cultivation• Slash and burnSlash and burn
Bush FallowBush Fallow IntercroppingIntercropping Flood Plain FarmingFlood Plain Farming PastoralismPastoralism
• TranshumanceTranshumance
Environment & ConservationEnvironment & Conservation
10% of Land Under 10% of Land Under ProtectionProtection
5% Park or Animal 5% Park or Animal PreservePreserve
PoachingPoaching• ElephantsElephants
Tusks used for ivoryTusks used for ivory
• RhinocerosRhinoceros Rhino hornRhino horn
Wildlife ConservationWildlife Conservation Wildlife ReservesWildlife Reserves
• East AfricaEast Africa• Southern AfricaSouthern Africa
Cyber TrackerCyber Tracker
CITESCITES• Ban on Ivory Ban on Ivory
TradeTradeKruger National Park, South Africa
MadagascarMadagascar
Unique IslandUnique Island• 44thth largest largest• Diverse environmentDiverse environment• Diverse flora and faunaDiverse flora and fauna• Settled by IndonesiansSettled by Indonesians• Colonized by the FrenchColonized by the French• Extremely poorExtremely poor
Subsistence farmingSubsistence farming
• DeforestationDeforestation
The SahelThe Sahel
Southern Edge Southern Edge of the Saharan of the Saharan DesertDesert• Grassland and Grassland and
PasturelandPastureland Nomadic Nomadic
pastoralismpastoralism Cereal farmingCereal farming
DesertificationDesertification
• 1968-1973 Drought and 1968-1973 Drought and FamineFamine
• ReforestationReforestation
• Famine Early Warning SystemFamine Early Warning System
• Diversification StrategiesDiversification Strategies
Sub-Saharan Africa in the World- SystemSub-Saharan Africa in the World- System
Origin of Humans – 2 Million Years AgoOrigin of Humans – 2 Million Years Ago Trading Societies – 5,000 Years AgoTrading Societies – 5,000 Years Ago European Domination – 500 Years AgoEuropean Domination – 500 Years Ago Independence from 1950 onIndependence from 1950 on
• Difficult transition to independenceDifficult transition to independence Artificial bordersArtificial borders Cold War politicsCold War politics Natural disastersNatural disasters High population growthHigh population growth PovertyPoverty
Human Origins & Early HistoryHuman Origins & Early History
Earliest HominidEarliest Hominid• AustralopithicusAustralopithicus• 3.7 million years ago3.7 million years ago
Modern HumansModern Humans• 100,000 years ago100,000 years ago• Genetic ancestorsGenetic ancestors
Complex SocietiesComplex Societies• Nile ValleyNile Valley• Greater ZimbabweGreater Zimbabwe
Roman and Muslim Roman and Muslim InfluenceInfluence
Geopolitical Geopolitical Framework – Framework –
African African KingdomsKingdoms
Colonial PeriodColonial Period
1500’s Portugeuse 1500’s Portugeuse TradeTrade• Rest of Europe by Rest of Europe by
1600’s1600’s• Coastal CitiesCoastal Cities• Trade inTrade in
Gold Gold IvoryIvory SlavesSlaves
• TimbuktuTimbuktu
European Imprint European Imprint
Early European Early European contactcontact• Limited by endemic Limited by endemic
diseasesdiseases
Berlin Conference Berlin Conference (1884)(1884)
Pan-African Pan-African MovementMovement• Decolonization and Decolonization and
IndependenceIndependence
Figure 6.35
SlaverySlavery
As early as 1530; by 1700, 50,000 slaves yearlyAs early as 1530; by 1700, 50,000 slaves yearly Approximately 11 million in totalApproximately 11 million in total Mostly strong, young, males, leaving a weakened population Mostly strong, young, males, leaving a weakened population
behindbehind
Globalization and African CultureGlobalization and African Culture
European SettlementEuropean Settlement Began in Southern Began in Southern
AfricaAfrica• Dutch at Cape Town Dutch at Cape Town
16521652• BoersBoers• AfrikaansAfrikaans
British Settle in 1820British Settle in 1820• Banned slavery 1834Banned slavery 1834• Boers move north and Boers move north and
easteast• VeldVeld
ExplorationExploration Growing International Growing International
Interest – 1850Interest – 1850• Royal geographical societyRoyal geographical society• Search forSearch for
Source of the NileSource of the Nile ResourcesResources People to convertPeople to convert
• David LivingstoneDavid Livingstone• Mary KingsleyMary Kingsley• Henry StanleyHenry Stanley• Richard BurtonRichard Burton• John SpekeJohn Speke
Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa
Desire for ResourcesDesire for Resources Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference
• Carved up AfricaCarved up Africa• 13 countries (non-13 countries (non-
African)African) BritishBritish FrenchFrench BelgiumBelgium PortugeusePortugeuse GermanGerman ItalianItalian SpanishSpanish
Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa
Borders drawn Borders drawn with no regard with no regard for existing for existing cultural cultural boundariesboundaries
Split groups and Split groups and placed enemies placed enemies togethertogether
Colonial LegacyColonial Legacy Reoriented Reoriented
Economy to ExportsEconomy to Exports• Change in cropsChange in crops• Change in land Change in land
tenuretenure• Imposition of taxesImposition of taxes• European languagesEuropean languages• Infrastructure Infrastructure
geared for export, geared for export, internal linkages internal linkages weakweak
• Lasted 80 yearsLasted 80 years
IndependenceIndependence Fairly RapidFairly Rapid
• Ghana – 1957Ghana – 1957 11stst to gain to gain
independenceindependence
• Transitions peaceful Transitions peaceful and violentand violent
• France controlled France controlled currency and left currency and left troopstroops
• Dutch pulled out Dutch pulled out quicklyquickly
Chaotic transitionChaotic transition
• By mid-seventies By mid-seventies transition completetransition complete
South Africa & ApartheidSouth Africa & Apartheid
ApartheidApartheid• Separate developmentSeparate development• Pass lawsPass laws• Fundamental law – 1852Fundamental law – 1852• Segregationist policiesSegregationist policies• HomelandsHomelands• International sanctionsInternational sanctions
BoycottsBoycotts Trade embargoesTrade embargoes
• Ended in 1994Ended in 1994 Nelson Mandela - presidentNelson Mandela - president
Urban Legacies of ApartheidUrban Legacies of Apartheid
Racial Segregation in Cape Town
Elite CapeTown Landscape
Establishing Establishing South AfricaSouth Africa
- Homelands
- TownshipsApartheid
The Cold War & AfricaThe Cold War & Africa
Socialism as a Socialism as a BacklashBacklash
African SocialismAfrican Socialism• UjamaaUjamaa
Leftist LeadersLeftist Leaders• Military aid and Military aid and
training from Soviet training from Soviet spheresphere
• U.S. and allies back U.S. and allies back the other sidethe other side
Development, Debt & AidDevelopment, Debt & Aid
DevelopmentDevelopment• ModernizationModernization
RoadsRoads DamsDams HarborsHarbors
• Neo-ColonialismNeo-Colonialism• Development Development
theorytheory Import substitutionImport substitution
• Incurred debtIncurred debt $211 billion - 2000$211 billion - 2000
Structural Structural AdjustmentAdjustment• Cut budgetsCut budgets• Liberalize tradeLiberalize trade• Resulted inResulted in
UnemploymentUnemployment High food pricesHigh food prices
• Foreign aidForeign aid• Debt reliefDebt relief
Population & FertilityPopulation & Fertility
684 Million (Year 684 Million (Year 2000)2000)• 2.4% yearly growth2.4% yearly growth• Doubling time of 25 Doubling time of 25
yearsyears• 1.15 billion by 20251.15 billion by 2025• Population/Arable Population/Arable
LandLand• High fertility rateHigh fertility rate
Culture supports Culture supports high growth rateshigh growth rates
Education, wealth; Education, wealth; lower birth rateslower birth rates
Population and Settlement
Settlement Patterns – RuralSettlement Patterns – Rural
Subsistence Subsistence AgricultureAgriculture• Swidden Swidden
Plantation Plantation AgricultureAgriculture
PastoralismPastoralism• Tsetse FliesTsetse Flies
Figure 6.20
Cacao Plantation in Ivory Coast
Masai Pastoralists
Urban Settlement – Where?Urban Settlement – Where?
Rapidly growingRapidly growing• Refer back to Fig. 1.29Refer back to Fig. 1.29
Ancient CitiesAncient Cities
Colonial CitiesColonial Cities
Ethnic and Religious Ethnic and Religious InfluencesInfluences• Trade NetworksTrade Networks
Downtown Lagos, Nigeria
Demographic Demographic Indicators – Indicators –
FertilityFertility
HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa
What are some of the impacts of high HIV/AIDS infection ratesin southern Africa?
HIV / AIDSHIV / AIDS Most Severely Most Severely
Affected RegionAffected Region• 28.5 m. infected 28.5 m. infected
(2001)(2001)• 70% of world total70% of world total• 14 m. died since 198114 m. died since 1981• 11 m. orphans11 m. orphans• More females than More females than
malesmales• South and east South and east
hardest hithardest hit• Poverty exacerbatesPoverty exacerbates
UrbanizationUrbanization Rapidly UrbanizingRapidly Urbanizing
• 1960 – 20% urban1960 – 20% urban• 2000 – 35% urban2000 – 35% urban
South Africa – 51%South Africa – 51% Uganda – 14%Uganda – 14%
• Still mostly ruralStill mostly rural• Better servicesBetter services• ““Urban Bias”Urban Bias”• ShantytownsShantytowns
Major Cities:Major Cities:• Lagos, NigeriaLagos, Nigeria
13 million13 million
• Johannesburg, South Johannesburg, South AfricaAfrica
3.2 million3.2 million
Sub-Saharan African DiasporaSub-Saharan African Diaspora
Out of AfricaOut of Africa• To EuropeTo Europe• Brain drainBrain drain
Within AfricaWithin Africa• Search for workSearch for work• Circular migrationsCircular migrations
RefugeesRefugees• 4.5 million4.5 million• 1/3 world total1/3 world total
Religion & LanguageReligion & Language
ReligionReligion• AnimisticAnimistic
Traditional beliefsTraditional beliefs
• ChristianityChristianity European missionariesEuropean missionaries
• IslamIslam North areas and east North areas and east
coastcoast
LanguagesLanguages• 800 living languages800 living languages
Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Swahili and ZuluSwahili and Zulu
• Lingua FrancaLingua Franca
Linguistic DiversityLinguistic Diversity
South African Road Sign
Religious Diversity Religious Diversity Islamic and Christian Landscapes
CultureCulture
Kinship TiesKinship Ties• ClansClans• Extended familiesExtended families
Land TenureLand Tenure• CommunalCommunal
MusicMusic• Worldwide influenceWorldwide influence
ArtArt• Influenced modern Influenced modern
artart
Politics & PeacePolitics & Peace
Strife RiddenStrife Ridden• Colonial boundariesColonial boundaries• Cold WarCold War
Rwanda and Rwanda and BurundiBurundi• Hutu and TutsiHutu and Tutsi
Liberia and Sierra Liberia and Sierra LeoneLeone• Continuing civil Continuing civil
warswars U.N. PeacekeepingU.N. Peacekeeping Regional Regional
OrganizationsOrganizations
Conflict and Conflict and Population Population MovementsMovements
Social & Economic EqualitySocial & Economic Equality
High Rates of PovertyHigh Rates of Poverty• Low life expectancyLow life expectancy• High infant mortalityHigh infant mortality• Literacy, education and income also lowLiteracy, education and income also low• Geographic variationGeographic variation
Land ReformLand Reform• Improve conditionsImprove conditions• Colonials own majority of arable landColonials own majority of arable land
Women & DevelopmentWomen & Development Feminization of Feminization of
PovertyPoverty• Disproportionately poorDisproportionately poor• Patriarchal societiesPatriarchal societies• Lack of land ownershipLack of land ownership• OverburdenedOverburdened
Responsible for food Responsible for food production, processing production, processing and cookingand cooking
Gathering water and Gathering water and fuelfuel
Child careChild care Household Household
maintenancemaintenance
Social Social DevelopmentDevelopment
Status of Women and Education
Development StrategiesDevelopment Strategies MicrofinanceMicrofinance
• Small loansSmall loans Indigenous TechnologyIndigenous Technology
• Local knowledgeLocal knowledge Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
• Increasing pressure on Increasing pressure on agricultural productionagricultural production
• Improve infrastructureImprove infrastructure• Urban agricultureUrban agriculture• Millennium development Millennium development
goals (MDGs)goals (MDGs)
African PovertyAfrican Poverty
Failed Development Failed Development PoliciesPolicies• DebtDebt• Structural Adjustment Structural Adjustment
ProgramsPrograms
Food PoliciesFood Policies
CorruptionCorruption
Uncompetitive Industry
Lack of Infrastructure
Regional DevelopmentRegional Development Southern AfricaSouthern Africa
• Southern African Southern African development community development community (SADC)(SADC)
• South AfricaSouth Africa Manufacturing centerManufacturing center 1/3 of Africa’s production1/3 of Africa’s production Mineral wealthMineral wealth Diamond minesDiamond mines JohannesburgJohannesburg SowetoSoweto Growth in service sectorGrowth in service sector
• ZimbabweZimbabwe Declining economyDeclining economy Land tenure issuesLand tenure issues
Sub-Saharan Africa and the Global Economy
- Aid vs. Investment
Economic DifferentiationEconomic Differentiation
Used Clothing Trade
Mobile Phones in Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Regional Regional DevelopmentDevelopment
Western AfricaWestern Africa• Dense populationsDense populations• NigeriaNigeria
Oil wealthOil wealth Civil unrestCivil unrest
• GhanaGhana Politically stablePolitically stable Educated workforceEducated workforce
End of Chapter 5:End of Chapter 5:
Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa
World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd Ed.) Ed.)
Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman