Chapter 5
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CHAPTER 5
The Integumentary System
INTRODUCTION
The organs of the integumentary system include the skin and its accessory structures including hair, nails, and glands, as well as blood vessels, muscles and nerves. Note that all 4 of the basic tissue types
are well-represented in this organ system.
INTRODUCTION
The Integument is an organ system comprised of many organs such as hair and multiple types of glands.
INTRODUCTION
The integument can also be thought of as a cutaneous membrane that covers the outer surface of the body. It is the largest organ by surface area and
weight. Its area is about 2 square meters (22 square
feet) and weighs 4.5–5kg (10–11 lb), about 16% of body weight.
It is 0.5–4 mm thick, thinnest on the eyelids, thickest on the heels.
We lose almost a kg of skin epithelium a year that becomes a major part of household “dust”.
INTRODUCTION
Besides protection, the skin contributes to: Regulation of body temperature Sensory perceptions Synthesis of vitamin D Emotional expression
It also serves as an important reservoir of blood.
STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN
The skin has 3 major layers: The outer, thinner layer is called the
epidermis and consists of epithelial tissue.
The inner, thicker layer is called the dermis and consists of C.T.
The subcutaneous (subQ) layer (also called the hypodermis) is located underneath the dermis.
Epidermis
Hair shaft
Dermis Reticularlayer
Papillarylayer
Hypodermis(superficial fascia)
Dermal papillae
Pore
Subpapillaryvascular plexus
Appendagesof skin • Eccrine sweat gland• Arrector pili muscle• Sebaceous (oil) gland• Hair follicle• Hair rootNervous structures
• Sensory nerve fiber• Pacinian corpuscle• Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus)
Cutaneous vascularplexus
Adipose tissue
STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN
STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN
Dermatologist are doctors who treat
disorders of all layers of the
integumentary system.
THE EPIDERMIS
The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epitheliumwhich contains four major types of cells: Keratinocytes Melanocytes Langerhans cells Merkel cells
THE EPIDERMIS
Dermis
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum granulosum
3. Stratum spinosum
4. Stratum basale
THE EPIDERMIS
THE EPIDERMIS
Types of skin: Thin (hairy) skin covers all body regions
except the palms, palmar surfaces of digits,
and soles.
Thick (hairless)
skin covers the
palms, palmar
surfaces of
digits, and
soles.
THE EPIDERMIS
Skin Pigments Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the
stratum basale• Eumelanin (brown to black)• Pheomelanin (yellow to red)
Freckles are clusters of concentrated melanin triggered by exposure to sunlight.
Having more freckles is a genetic trait.
THE EPIDERMIS
Skin Pigments Nevi (“birthmarks” or moles) are chronic
lesions of the skin – they are, by definition, benign.
Malignant melanoma is a cancer of melanocytes.
THE EPIDERMIS
Skin Pigments
Vitiligo is a chronic disorder that causes depigmentation patches in the skin.
Albinism is a congenital disorder
THE DERMIS
The dermis is composed of
connective tissue containing
collagen and elastic fibers.
It contains two regions: The papillary region The reticular region
THE DERMIS
Dermal papillaeSubpapillaryvascular plexus
• Eccrine sweat gland
Epidermis
Hair shaft
Dermis Reticularlayer
Papillarylayer
Hypodermis(superficial fascia)
PoreAppendagesof skin
• Arrector pili muscle• Sebaceous (oil) gland• Hair follicle• Hair rootNervous structures
• Sensory nerve fiber• Pacinian corpuscle• Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus)
Cutaneous vascularplexus
Adipose tissue
The Dermis
Lines of cleavage are “tension lines” in the skin that indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers. Plastic surgeons make their incisions parallel to the
normal cleavage lines in order to minimize scarring.
Epidermal ridges reflect contours of the underlying dermal papillae and form the basis for fingerprints (and footprints) Function to increase firmness of grip by increasing
friction
THE SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER
The subcutaneous layer is also called the hypodermis, and it attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs.
subQ
BENEFITS OF MULTIPLE LAYERS
Multiple layers in the skin allow for specialization. Adapted to fast turn-over, the
epidermis resists damage and offers protection to underlying tissues.
The dermis provides temperature stability and prevents dehydration, and yet is capable of limited healing.
The subcutaneous tissues insulate, store fat, and anchor the skin.
Sensory Receptors
The skin contains different types of sensory
receptors to differentiate between the
different tactile (“touch”) sensations. Light touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle
These sensory receptors are found in different layers:
Superficially
Merkel discs, free nerve endings (detect many stimuli),
Meissner corpuscles, and hair root plexuses
Deep
Pacinian corpuscles
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE
SKIN
HAIR
Hair is associated with the word “pili”. It is present on most surfaces except the
palms, anterior surfaces of fingers, and the soles of the feet.
It is composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells.
Genetics determines thickness and distribution.
HAIR
The parts of a hair include: The shaft (above the skin surface) The follicle (below the level of the skin) A root that penetrates into
the dermis includes:• An epithelial root sheath• A dermal root sheath
HAIR
HAIR Types of hairs
Lanugo – fine, nonpigmented, downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus
Vellus hairs – short, fine, pale hairs barely visible to the naked eye
Terminal hairs – long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs
Hair color is determined by the amount and type of melanin.
SKIN GLANDS
Sebaceous (oil) glands are connected to hair follicles. They secrete an oily substance called
sebum which does 2 important things: Prevents dehydration of hair
and skin Inhibits growth of certain bacteria
SKIN GLANDS
Skin sweat glands Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Photomicrograph of a sectioned eccrine gland (220x)
Secretory cells
Duct
Sweat pore
EccrineSweat gland
Skin Glands Eccrine sweat glands release sweat in
response to an emotional stress such as fear
or embarrassment. This type of sweating is
referred to as emotional sweating or a “cold
sweat”.
The secretory portion of apocrine sweat
glands is located mostly in the subcutaneous
layer, and the excretory duct opens into hair
follicles, with sweat secreted during
emotional stress and sexual excitement.
Much of body odor is due to apocrine
sweat.
SKIN GLANDS
Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located in the ear canal. Along with nearby sebaceous glands,
they are involved in producing a waxy secretion called cerumen (earwax) which provides a sticky barrier that prevents entry of foreign bodies into the ear canal.
NAILS
Nails are composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells located over the dorsal surfaces of the ends of fingers and toes.
Nail structures include: Free edge Transparent nail body (plate)
with a whitish lunula at its base Nail root embedded in a fold of skin.
NAILS
Maintaining Homeostasis
Skin damage sets in
motion a sequence of
events that repairs the
skin to its normal (or
near-normal) structure
and function.
WOUND HEALING
Two kinds of wound-healing Epidermal wound healing Deep wound healing
WOUND HEALING
BurnsA burn is tissue damage caused by
excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature (break down) the proteins in the skin cells. Burns destroy some of the skin's
important contributions to homeostasis—protection against microbial invasion and desiccation, and thermoregulation.
Burns are graded according to their severity.
BurnsA first-degree burn involves only the
epidermis It is characterized by mild pain and
erythema (redness) but no blisters and skin functions remain intact.
BurnsA second-degree burn destroys the
epidermis and part of the dermis - some skin functions are lost. Redness, blister formation, edema, and
pain result.
BurnsA third-degree burn is a full-thickness burn (destroys the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer). Most skin functions are lost, and the
region is numb because sensory nerve endings have been destroyed.
Burns
According to the American Burn Association's classification of burn injury, a major burn includes: 3o burns over 10% of body surface area;
or 2o burns over 25% of body surface area;
or Any 3o burns on the face, hands, feet, or perineum (which includes the anal and urogenital regions)
When the burn area exceeds 70%, more than half the victims die.
Development of the Integumentary SystemThe epidermis develops from the
ectoderm.
Nails, hair, and skin glands are epidermal
derivatives.
The dermis develops from the
mesoderm.
AGING
The integumentary system changes with age: Wrinkles develop. Dehydration and cracking occurs. Sweat production increases. An increase in the numbers of functional
melanocytes results in gray hair and atypical skin pigmentation.
Subcutaneous fat is lost, and there is a general decrease in skin thickness.
Nails may also become more brittle.
AGING
With age, there is also an increased susceptibility to pathological conditions (as demonstrated by this decubitus ulcer). These type of pressure
ulcers (“bed sores”) are an all-to-common occurrence in nursing homes.