Chapter 43: The Immune System · Chapter 43: The Immune System Name Period Chapter 43: The Immune...

Inn a+e 'MMUA t

(A,U cc,'ln~als~ ln+e r"a d e•{ el...ses

1 k u/V~o r-A.(.

r-eSenre

G eft -- n.edinfr,~

AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

Chapter 43: The Immune System

Name

Period

Chapter 43: The Immune System

Our students consider this chapter to be a particularly challenging and important one. Expect to work your way slowly through the first three concepts. Take particular care with Concepts 43.2 and 43.3. It is rewarding, however, in Concept 43.4 to put your new knowledge to work and truly understand the devastation caused by the destruction of helper T cells by HIV.

Overview: The immune responses of animals can be divided into innate immunity and acquired immunity. As an overview, complete this figure indicating the divisions of both innate and acquired immunity.

Concept 43.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on shared traits of pathogens

1. We first encountered phagocytosis in Concept 7.5, but it plays an important role in the immune systems of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Review the process by briefly explaining the six steps to ingestion and destruction of a microbe by a phagocytic cell.

r afit~o~e /I, eseudopko bia surroond

"'4 ;., if qj .~ l .Ci

vaeuo le av,d 119

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

f ~A ja t- j'ti e eev O ~ O

Ala tuc~ f,: Y

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 43: The Immune System Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

2. Explain the role of the Toll receptor in producing antimicrobial peptides.

noe loUs loaetb -{o .S' '`tz"_.s"!S 01r 71.. r~ f } ii.. tiCr It'

3. List the three innate defenses vertebrates share with invertebrates and the two defenses unique to vertebrates.

F7 D T (i, 5 ~, tt •r ~'

~Oit ~ YA CI g1

1,9 _ ._, d n +C- r -f .C. r,, r

4. In the chart below, list five examples of barrier defenses and how they work.

Barrier Defense How the Barrier Repels Pathogens

ffULoUS rvi i e ro(,~S a~ G~ a IL.Pr Par~'G IE'S.

Va kEa_~S P.,n-,*C.0 var0u 5 p PoS~d ~~ i ~l~- Ira l'rovia{in~ .accsC,~n ,

f'L.AJt! „ Co lU ni el /1 aLf,On u~So inl,~bcf~

S-~ (~ It 5 r~o s f o lti e nn re to e S i n Foo A A_,d wnvEeT-

r 49 E' +-e r it— 1 n OS i- r ct e, .

oi l a,..d SWent 9laz5 i C.—g i- 9 IL' n., .3

-r-o 5 a c d c ; ,Ouyt, +o preveA_4- yr~w~. of t-4 j I-ae4-er-`+a.

5. Explain how Toll-like receptors are used in cellular innate defenses, using TLR3 and TLR4 as examples.

JJ Ca. ~ (n ~1•~ L~ M r+~ct.~ i ~~ ~d ~~ " ~ I ~-~- p r l ~° ~ ~O ,r" ~ i n ~i S ~"rJ -~ r~~~ iU ~ C:n~, '~

of r,o le c (e- 5 LG'ka reue -f er r S pc~fi"G, 6-c"t S f

6. In the chart below, explain the role of the four phagocytic cells.

Phagocytic Cell Type

Role in Innate Defense

Neutrophils p~G,oye~s_

Y ~~

Macrophages Yc, . z u9G, tz- e Ocjen_s eked ~,SSue S.

hod y

Eosinophils

Dendritic cells ~-

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. -2-

Mnsse'Z Af de-re^sive cats

s'n ;-. W

A *-0 e

n1aS~~


7. In the figure below, trace the flow of lymph in four stages. For each stage, explain the role of the lymphatic system in innate defense.

I'(aod ca ri (nary

e r's+,%It ae1

f lu; of

ly N,~,t^0 f t v e-cse,C.

8. Explain the role of the following two antimicrobial compounds.

Interferon - C "+-e i n s -I'L' a~& ( ro v I d ; n n A.*--e d-e-f -e--,-se- 6j wif ' V;rati .a {ec-4 ions.

~ 4r-rfe"~~~

Complement - 't A a e44trt0(_C. n 7" Cat'el

-f7 lj,~;,S ,f rn Ua,.4i'nv

9. Use the figure below to explain the three steps of an inflammatory response.

a "f..o9e.~. ,

o C ~ +O St S

P U

I_

L 1 A+ A ti C' _ I n j V r y/ S, 'f e- / MGM S f'- c C'~~Jj r °v[! E ~t S ~° tA i S

N,a Crci pL+.r d~°s s~Jecr-e.te G~t,-Mllint?S. TI..(°Se SIg(I~ t~~r'/(9 ~t~( 'CUPS

C'a vSe n Ea rb rJ, 64Pi !(nr %eS fo &I'I't. n ire f e.r n et 1,

f tJ t t ~̀ .,`r^+'•, '~..? ~ t` r i'~ aCn.~~~ n,. ~ L r0 ~ i 0.~ E ! ~ Gt.P/J -(~ Cl.--•'~ P P tie ~ssueS Si9~ccCs ceteased by 1M „ne c~CrS abEract neu~raptiit5, ~VC?ufr4 P~,iIS GIi~@S~ i°atl oyeu s o d ~eGG d~6~-;S A-4- •f~e_ s r ter 'OL'd

Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3


10. What role do natural killer cells play in the immune system?

PI Gt or, ("Oft' i .f -C rEJCC-+ iO n ©{ -iU,,.,ut ~.

i v1r-vses.

11. It might seem like pathogens have little hope of mounting an infection, but do not forget that pathogens are constantly evolving ways to circumvent our immune system. As examples, how do the pathogens that cause pneumonia and tuberculosis avoid our immune responses?

PA v +e'r ea P's f"# cnvC'r S E ~e ro oev% r-ket&c n~ n~o tee uto r r—e eoyl i- ',em d

` U bereutests: rOu~S a' ~ePrad uCa~'.;_

Concept 43.2 In acquired immunity, lymphocyte receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition

12. From the first four paragraphs of this concept, summarize where T cells and B cells develop, and give an overview of their functions. (Note that they are a type of white blood cell known as a lymphocyte.)

I-i k-t a,(.0 I Io od cP,Gt'~ t ~J

M P % o c j4 eS o r I( na,&c 1" CO -f t, e

6one grow, LyMPl ocy C'.S ncwe ca. '-Svrfi,Ce

an-~i~PM r~CfP arS for 1-

r i~c~

13. What is immunological memory, and why is it important?

~or -fto nq 'f rrM ~to~~C {fOr1 lnL.f fUr

n f'f

c4ion or ~~~cc ,,,~11 ian FrovctaC a-t.~.••~1 M alt~ o(;s&ases s

suc f~ a~ c hick ~ 0

14. Explain how cytokines help coordinate the innate and acquired immune responses. 3 to ((i n L' a. <,> / _ r f

0 r

15. The following brief questions will serve as a primer for immune system recognition.

a. What is an antigen? q subst~. ce e.(Ic't{s AAr— LJ.,F resPo~se by poi' ^o(r'~Iq

r P_ l C' P f o rs o f B C ev-<) -z. -f

b. What is the relationship between an antigen receptor, an antibody, and an immunoglobin? A

CO +-e ~! Z V r{acs

r ✓' l oo{ o n nr(S' 7~O - 1

c. How is an epitope related to an antigen? (Look at Figure 43. 10.) A~ eri i-opp- iS for--f rorl O'#

Copyright @) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4


16. In the figure of a B cell below, label the antigen binding sites,---light-and heavy chains, variable--and constant regions,- transmenrbrane -region; and-disulfide-bridge$-

b r-z elf " A l 6 t ~, d i A.9

VA Yi4~b1+r. ~iOnS

c~ n S+r•~ r,e9~ o~ S

-f -rw,S A, e nn region

kenV'J L-' f (a,< AA 41 AA CLAe

Ginai As

C 9+oplas111 cf B c SO

17. What forms the specific antigen-binding site? (Be sure to note that each B cell produces only one type of antigen receptor. For any one cell, all antigen receptors or antibodies produced are identical.)

y '2 t a eat V j - C fi A c it V r P f O /1

Ct (i1 M rv-G' 1'-, Cent Li r, r4 k j S / i` L f o r G1n. rA,_ } i q P-t.t L/ V

18. In the figure of a T cell below, label the antigen binding°-site, alpha- nd-beta-chaiin, variable and constant regions, Ora sembra region, and disulflide--bridge-

bi AP( S #e

Co r111 1 r-e ' an

+10e-,

-f" e e- 61

19. T cells also display only one type of antigen receptor on the surface of the cell. Compare and contrast a T cell with a B cell.

o GL~ ,4 e S •~ -f~e in a A e n.. r ro n•. a-k v re

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

D'o_Jt e,- re cep4o r

sU , d f~

/ reCeP+or

\

PiasM~ Mkt (ar ~n,n Af Ik c l.ai~ c

Qty ti i fp f-r-^ YAIA. f-' in 7 .' O

on /' e- s tJrf c-~. or Aosf A"r-e o( (- sp Inv ed


20. B-cell receptors recognize and bind to antigens whether they are free antigens (like a secreted toxin) or on the surface of a pathogen. Explain the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to T-cell receptor binding.

21. Explain how an infected host cell uses the MHC molecule to display an antigen.

~C5P

22. Explain the differences between Class I and Class II MHC molecules, noting type of cells that display the molecule, types of diseases involved with each molecule, and what type of T cell recognizes the MHC molecules.

MHC Class Displayed by? Diseases associated with (cancer, viral or bacterial)?

Recognized by which T cells?

Class IMHC r C Cr G,V f -O f-O k- 1 C T G P.ufS

Class II MHC die., e4 r-1 +~ c c c (' '

V

23. Using Figure 43.12 as a guide, label completely the figure below.

4. S(. / /

-~O 01 c C

6

Hp st- e eV

M KL C„^olecult--

d;s (,(~~ea(

T te'"

24. List three properties of the acquired immune system.

0 Oyl Ca ( ~. (mot •v. C~ ~, ~~ ai✓(/~ D LA S ~O eN (V-tO V ~ ::-~• _; : ~ , c~ ~_. ,_., P ~~ v c a Us

4

~-

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , ( ~,.. - .~6' c~

nrn2NA 1

I 1'g4.fi=GI,ai n

pe~ii L Va'yA'oe 5kcz.+

re c epic r

l ! n ;O


25. One of the early problems in immunology was trying to understand how an organism with a limited number of genes (for humans, about 20,500) could produce a million different B-cell protein receptors and 10 million different T-cell protein receptors! The answer resulted in a Nobel Prize and a startling exception to the notion that all cells have exactly the same DNA. Use the figure below to label and explain the four steps involved in producing genetically unique B-cell receptors.

f ndi ffer - eD„~ A a ~t ed ~6 ce.GC-

DNA o'F dt' re ,k~`t7f 'L~'d g ceet cll.e nr~(

3e

26. Explain how the body develops self-tolerance in the immune system. A5

. 1̂ rc[ ep~o rS k 'd •r f... r .f_ r., Ficrt~

27. Define the following terms.

Effector cells

Memory cells

Clonal selection

S Gro r-- II Ved ceJ6~ It.aA -1-AV P e- (l-ee f 11 nn M ed r a.C~C

long ca.~ i P 4°ffeCo~ 'LL —t' tOtIn•1 r rFc~(

L e PrJ (i -Fe rafiioA of 0, l J „,p11a (cv, ~ ,C


r


28. Using the blue text in the margin of Figure 43.14, explain the four key events to clonal selection.

Antigen molecules

B cells that differ in antigen specificity

W &

04 r Antigen receptor

Clone of memory cells

~rO~lfEr eS

3, Fore^9 a c 10Ae.

o f , V

,i-~ c-E cee{a

c - (s doVC10P

Antibody 4 y molecules mfJ <. € 641-)

Clone of plasma cells

29. Graphs similar to the one below have been seen on several AP Biology exams. It depicts the primary and secondary immune response. The first arrow shows exposure to antigen A. The second arrow shows exposure to antigen A again, and also antigen B. Label this graph and then use it to explain the difference between a primary and secondary immune response.

+t' e

4 +~-"J

103 I M r

S Po se J n

10 z

Seto~d~r J o ~MMV e t-eSPonSE'

E.xPosvre ~.PoS'u~E'

response Peaks a6oL) ~- -t0 'lam da,J s oaf te.~

+cat. C, k CroSVre . S conda~y i&kA--tAj ne reSfclr,SC

p GLUIr.S AeV -,


MUr'\0 i NtMVAA 1

IGL*► 1

1' 'V% y+0k1k

b c eV

t° (,J ' ( rn fGt `QG~

(V\ M U

G~+o 4-oki C


Concept 43.3 Acquired immunity defends against infection of body cells and fluids

30. Explain fully the function of the two divisions of acquired immunity.

Humoral immune response — cL,, t lonol (P S (n A 6 v t r I r e ,i>t

q ox i '`' E 0 -~

I ,,,,ti ek . 4i

Cell-mediated immune response -- IN e.

,

~~-

31. Helper T cells play a critical role in activation of both T cells and B cells. In full detail, label and explain the three steps involved using Figure 43.17. This is an important step!

PATU Oy eA,..-

32. Explain the role of dendritic cells and macrophages in starting a primary and secondary immune response.

PP, Ove' ~ 0StS e~-.a blNs /t•t ,C Y~ypin~~t-S u~.d1 _6Av I C

33. C fo v, r C 7~ C e GCS are the effector cells in cell-mediated immunity.

34. What must occur for a cytotoxic T cell to become activated?

e / Uk Y L' Sr9na~( I nq Mo I~GvLe S f~orv~ lnP~ PP~t

(.-O

Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. -9

c~ Cce -,;Sor-

rrofetn

t -f C e-! ed C e..d

35. Completely label the diagram below. Then carefully explain the three primary steps that occur as a cytotoxic T cell destroys a target cell.

&ks Cd C J 1D+0K'( C

-r- c ej-'L

• CIAO (ec0Ee •~

Cy fio~o x~tc

T c CA

aA.-A g e" CC( e-Pi-or GIas,5 I M t-t C

1j

dy'-9 neec-1eof

A ~Jto4oxk

40 a I Mr-cC.

P &C- n

MDIeC0Ie'5.

3 f-rn~ n.,e- .ld

AoeIGF

i40pe-1- -' '-C6. Ik e' o r-j 6 6 2-GQ/J

--,. A Plasma C&ts Se C co(F

es C~-4, neS

(acA-'. ca4 ed

6 Lea

a+-h03 e-'

ct,.,.1 t tJ pin

G(a SS f( M RC Mo(ecJle

a ee e:; o rJ p ro+e-' n

---


36. How is B-pcell antigen presentation unique?

—r[ @ GFi~i{ pc..; l.)~n f el/Lt

toy ^olS. I V v 37. Completely label the diagram below. Then carefully explain the three primary steps that occur in

B cell activation.

38. What is the difference between plasma cells and memory cells produced from the activation of B cells?

P l a S Ma din r C 0.3 eA,,' e' Z. re~,~


A~ I N./V,vAe


39. Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used in home pregnancy kits. A re Used +a d.elk ec--~- ~-tGG,

40. Why is the antibody response to a microbial infection polyclonal? A

//PO(4G1ono11 V-.esfoAse (S onE

OT fIctSMa e-' et" -(0f-M- l}

41. Explain these three ways antibodies can dispose of antigens.

Viral neutralization n e v c z V t r`U 5 to ~ b to ̀ ^"

Porno fes P kea'gaG jtoSi S. Opsonization —

c(a/kes

f S a 6(' ( r'+' 1

Activation of complement -- o f 'f i V aaf e 3 't~ e

42. Using examples, explain the difference between active and passive immunity.

/\,C 'F k v 2 i M AA UA; ~J r C+ +o to n cf ~ (--I" c~jE' ~~ .SAS' ~ b•~,~t-~-. ~r

., €' W (n ~.tr ca ~~ t C d .~ z- t i ✓;'# C ;, ~_ vn ,l`t? yr Lt. C~ f-'f'. ̀4' f-1'..~G~

43. Describe how immunizations can serve as an example of active immunity.

f~• e

!/tt MU/I; zaf i0if

44. Why is immune rejection an example of a healthy immune system?

45. Briefly describe the following features of immune rejection.

a. Explain how antibodies against blood types are present.

t

t"I ve ett l 1 -rc-

b. What is the role of MHC in tissue and organ transplants? U

(\/1~1 C C C('1(': 'i't C i .i~.i 1lMUA e C-~~~f~P1u ~."~ :. ~.

c. Why are bone marrow transplants medically unique?

7

ti

M(me ~s ~P.(.~. ~ l ct W in qr (NA

Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Concept 43.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease

46. What are allergies?

Gln.. ~ t C{ ~ Ln ~3 ~Z.'L✓L.E.,~5~/ f/

47. Label Figure 43.23 and then use it to explain a typical allergic response.

i3c

or s

* e~ G pct , t1 ie.

I4t 0. S+ ce.LC

h S+a, , t ne

48. Explain what happens if a person experiences anaphylactic shock.

A n of et6.+t"r S~O6.1< rL

1-0 0-, c%,U e rl~t

49. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system turns against particular molecules of the body. Describe the cause and symptoms of the following autoimmune diseases.

Lupus E (Yin C-,~- { ' ve r )7 a. t 4 r` S

Rheumatoid arthritis J c~~ -a~ e Af Ic-t dins-tom (0 0

Type 1 diabetes mellitus — Fa r S o f a v o i ,•~

Multiple sclerosis - S c (e

4

Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. -12-


50. Explain how immunodeficiency diseases are different from autoimmune

at ce,-t ,, S n a vcIS ^-~c 109 or Al S. A_ I - svctr aS1 rL,~

4-t--Se r A r-e,SnSe o r -~ diseases.

ISP~C r' ✓e o r

51. Just as our immune system has evolved to thwart pathogens, pathogensh ave evolved to thwart our immune system. Describe the following pathogen strategies.

P C( t-1t,Oge-, eX,1+ecs tQ" i -~-aPPem rC +0 t-z'e I. S.

Antigenic variation -- e

Latency --- af ~ os-f -', so nn- e vi S 5 e~--Je r ,i. In r,~e 6y

Attack on the immune system: HIV -{'L— e aa tt'l0 e Sco. P~,ve

52. Explain how the high mutation rate in surface antigen genes in HIV has hampered development of a vaccine for AIDS. (You might take note that HIV human immunodeficiency virus—is the virus that causes the disease AIDS—acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. These acronyms are often used incorrectly.)

k( V 1 e/(-,sISi L.,eCAA,)S6' of n,-v---

esting Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here: T

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.


Chapter 43: The Immune System · Chapter 43: The Immune System Name Period Chapter 43: The Immune...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 43: The Immune System · Chapter 43: The Immune System Name Period Chapter 43: The Immune...