CHAPTER 41 ANIMAL NUTRITION
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Transcript of CHAPTER 41 ANIMAL NUTRITION
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CHAPTER 41 ANIMAL NUTRITION
LEPTIN = apetite suppressor (hormone produced by fat cells)
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The four main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
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FUEL BIOSYNTHESIS ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
Why Eat?
Organic Macromolecules
ATP (Cell Respiration)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)
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FUEL BIOSYNTHESIS ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
Why Eat?
Organic Macromolecules
ATP
CO2, other simple compounds
Everything you eat gets DIGESTED into glucose, amino acids, and glycerol + fatty acids
These 3 digestion products enter cell respiration (glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle)
Products of cell respiration – CO2, NH3, H2O, ATP
These end products can be used for cellular work (movement), generating heat, and BIOSYNTHESIS
Excess gets converted to GLYCOGEN or FAT!
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FUEL BIOSYNTHESIS ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
Why Eat?
ATP
Carbon Skeletons, and other simple products of cell respiration
BIOSYNTHESIS = ANABOLIC PATHWAY
Biosynthesis = Making of New Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, Nucleic Acids needed by the body using the energy and raw material derived from food
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How much energy do you get from food?
Carbohydrates – 4 kcal/gm Proteins – 4 kcal/gm Fats – 9 kcal/gm Calorie = heat required to raise
the temperature of water by 10c Kcal = 1000cal Cell Respiration = process that
“burns” food Carbs = quick energy release Fats, proteins = slow to release
energy
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What happens to excess carbs?
Gets stored as glycogen in liver and muscle
Too much carb? -Gets converted into fat!!!!
Glycogen can be released quickly during exercise
Disadvantge – less energy (4 kcal/gm)
Fats – more energy (9kcal/gm), takes time to release
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How is glucose regulated?
Insulin (produced by the Islets of Langerhans - in pancreas) = decreases blood sugar by ?
Glucagon (pancreas) = increases blood sugar by ?
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Animals require 20 amino acids to make proteins.
Essential amino acids must be obtained from food in prefabricated form. (eight)
Protein Deficiency - Kwashiorkar
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Essential fatty acids.– Certain unsaturated fatty acids, including
linoleic acids required by humans.– Deficiencies are rare.
Mahatma Gandhi once said, "Where ever flaxseeds become a regular food item among the people, there will be better health".
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Vitamins -organic molecules required in the diet in very small quantities (upto 100 mg)
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Water Soluble Vitamins
A, D, E, K C, B, Niacin, Folic acid, Biotin
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Fat Soluble Vitamin
Function Deficiency
A Vision, maintain healthy skin
Vision problems, dry skin
D Absorption of Calcium and phosphorous = helps bone growth
Rickets (bone deformities)
E Antioxidant – maintains cell membrane
K Blood clotting Clotting problems, Anemia
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Water Soluble Vitamin
Function Deficiency
C Detoxification, antioxidant, collagen synthesis (gums)
Scurvy (skin, teeth, blood vessel degenration)
B (1,2,6,12)
Coenzyme component –FAD, amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism,
B1 – Beriberi (nerve disorder, anemia)
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Minerals are simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts - from less than 1 mg to about 2,500 mg per day.
Mineral Function Deficiency
Calcium Bone and tooth formation, nerve and muscle function
Retarded growth, osteoporosis
Iron Hemoglobin component - cofactor
Anemia
Sodium Acid- base balance, water balance, nerve function
Too much – high blood pressure
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Alimentary canal + accessory glands that secrete digestive juices into the canal through ducts.– Peristalsis: rhythmic waves-
push food along.
– Sphincters: muscular ringlike valves, regulate the passage of food
– Accessory glands - salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder.
Human Digestive System
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–When does the lunch you had today complete its passage through your digestive system?
• Mouth: Seconds • Esophagus: Seconds • Stomach: 2-6 hours • Small Intestine: 5-6 hrs.• Large Intestine: 12- 24 Hours TOTAL = 19 – 36 hrs!!
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Fig. 41.13
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Physical: chewing -Increases surface area of food
Saliva - Moistens + Kills bacteria + Buffer
Chemical digestion: Enzyme Salivary Amylase – Acts on
“AMYLOSE” - long straings of glucose found in starch/glycogen
(starch + glycogen) -> (smaller polysaccharides + maltose)
The journey begins ……
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Pharynx (throat) - opens to esophagus and the trachea (windpipe).– Epiglottis - cartilaginous flap prevents food
going into the windpipe
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Epiglottitis
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Fig. 41.14
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Muscular Organ – peristalisis -chyme - mixture of gastric juice+food
Gastric juice - glands Parietal cells - HCl – pH 2!! -
kills bacteria; converts pepsinogen -> pepsin (inactive)->(active)
Chief cells - Pepsin – action = proteins -> polypeptides + amino acids
Mucous cells - Mucous prevents eating away of stomach lining
The stomach
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Pyloric Sphincter-prevents back flow of food!
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6 m long First section – duodenum LOTS OF ENZYMES FROM ACCESSORY
GLANDS Pancreas makes – 1)pancreatic amylase
- acts on polysachcharides -> tri, di saccharides; 2)bicarbonate - changes pH to make it basic so enzymes can act on the food; 3)trypsin, chymotrypsin - act on polypeptides ->tri & dipeptides , 4)lipase - acts on fats -> fatty acid and glycerol, 5)nucleases act on DNA and RNA -> nucleotides
Liver makes bile; gall bladder – stores bile; bile emulsifies fats
Lining of intestine – other enzymes (intestinal juice); convert to monomers
Small intestine is the major organ of digestion and absorption
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.
Fig. 41.18
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Jejunum, ileum – sections of small intestine – absorption of nutrients into lymph/blood - see notes in powerpoint slide for details
Passive transport - fructose
Active transport –glucose, amino acid, vitamins
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Hormones released by wall of the stomach and duodenum
Ensure that digestive secretions are present only when needed.– Stomach wall - hormone gastrin (stimulates
gastric juice)– Duodenum – hormone Secritin (pancrease
releases bicarbonate)– Duodenum – hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK)-
gallbladder releases bile
Hormones help regulate digestion
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Cecum- very mall in humans - appendix
Reclaiming water is a major function of the large intestine
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Fig. 41.12
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Structural adaptations of digestive systems are often associated with diet
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(1)
Fig. 41.22