Chapter 4: Verbs Action Verbs Linking Verbs Helping Verbs.

Chapter 4:VerbsAction Verbs

Linking VerbsHelping Verbs

What is a Verb?

A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition, or a state of being.

There are two main kinds of verbs: action verbs and linking verbs. Both kinds can be accompanied by helping verbs.

ACTION VERBS

An action verb tells what the subject does. It can express mental or physical action.

Examples:

The storm tore through the town. (physical action)

A huge black horse galloped across the pasture. (physical action)

We daydreamed all through English class. (mental action)

Yesterday my mother thought about our vacation plans. (mental action)

LINKING VERBS

A linking verb links its subject to a word in the predicate.

The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb be:

am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

Other common linking verbs:

appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

Linking verbs, continued

Examples:

My best friend is Susan.

We were late for English class again!

Miss Setree seems excited today.

The mood of the crowd turned ugly very quickly.

Linking verbs, continued

Some verbs can be either action or linking, depending upon how the verb is used in the sentence.

King Kong looked at Ann Darrow. (action)

King Kong looked frightened. (linking)

I tasted my mom’s brownies. (action)

The lemon pie tasted very sour. (linking)

The flowers smell great! (linking)

I smelled the skunk’s “perfume.” (action)

HELPING VERBS

Helping verbs help main verbs express action or precise shades of meaning.

The combination of one or more helping verbs with a main verb is called a verb phrase.

Examples:

Tessa and Alicia have been practicing their routine all week.

I will study for the health test.

Johnny and Cooper should have known better than that!

Emilee has written five notes to her friends today!

Helping Verb Lists:

Forms of be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

Forms of do: do, does, did

Forms of have: have, has, had

Other common helping verbs: may, might, must

can, could

shall, should

will, would

Action Verbs with Direct Objects and Indirect Objects

Sentence Patterns:

S – AV

S – AV – DO (The direct object names the receiver of

the action.)

S – AV – IO – DO (The indirect object tells to whom/what or for whom/what the action is done.)

Examples:

Julia loves her new kitten.

Elizabeth gave Tommy a note for his sister.

Josh loaned me five dollars.

I saw Brycen at the movies last weekend.

Devyn bought his grandmother a birthday card.

Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs

A transitive verb is an action verb that has a direct object.

Ex. We saw Tommy at the county fair.

The girls planted flower seeds in the pots.

An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not have a direct object.

Ex. Darin tripped on the stairs. Ashley raced to the finish line.

Alexis spoke quietly. Jill runs really fast!

Linking Verbs and Predicate Words

Subject Complement – the word that the linking verb connects to its subject; it identifies or explains the subject

There are two kinds of subject complements: predicate nouns (also known as predicate nominatives) and predicate adjectives.

Predicate Nouns(aka – Predicate Nominative)

A noun or pronoun that follows the linking verb; identifies, renames, or defines the subject.

Subject = Predicate Noun (S=PN)

Examples:

Julia is a rather quiet girl.

The winner was she.

My teacher has been the owner of that restaurant for several years.

Predicate Adjective

An adjective that follows the linking verb and modifies (describes) the subject

Examples:

That dog seems frightened by the speeding cars.

Those girls beside the gym look lost.

The flowers in my garden are yellow.

My cat is quite lazy during the day.

Principal Parts of Regular Verbs

Regular Verbs

A regular verb is a verb whose past and past participle are formed by adding –d or –ed to the present. The present participle is formed by adding –ing to the present.

Present Present Participle Past Past Participle

believeis believing believed (has) believed

jump is jumping jumped (have) jumped

play are playing played (had) played

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are verbs whose past and past participle forms are not made by adding –d or –ed to the present.

Group I: the forms of the present, past , and past participle are all the same.

Present Present Participle PastPast Participle

burst (is) bursting burst (have) burst

cost (is) costing cost (have) cost

cut (is) cutting cut (have) cut

hit (is) hitting hit (have) hit

Irregular Verbs

Group 2: the forms of the past and past participle are the same.


bring (is) bringing brought (has) brought

leave (is) leaving left (had) left

sleep (is) sleeping slept (have) slept

Irregular Verbs

Group 3: the past participle is formed by adding –n or –en to the past.


bite (is) biting bit (has) bitten

freeze (is) freezing froze(has) frozen

lie (is) lying lay (has) lain

speak (is) speaking spoke(has) spoken

Irregular Verbs

Group 4: the past participle is formed from the present, usually by adding -n or –en.


do (is) doing did (have) done

fall (is) falling fell (has) fallen

go (is) going went (had) gone

write (is) writing wrote(has) written

Irregular Verbs

Group 5: A vowel in the verb changes from i in the present to a in the past and to u in the past participle.


begin (is) beginning began(have) begun

drink (is) drinking drank(has) drunk

shrink (is) shrinking shrank(had) shrunk

swim (is) swimming swam(have) swum

Irregular Verbs

Forms of Be: the past and past participle do not follow any pattern


am, is, are (is) being was, were (has) been

SIMPLE TENSES

TENSE – a verb form that shows the time of an action or condition. Changing tenses allows you to be clear about the order in which things happen.

1. Present tense - shows that an action or condition takes place now

2. Past tense - shows that an action or condition was completed in the past

3. Future tense – shows that an action or condition will occur in the future

Present tense:

We walk to school every morning.

Shelby reads many books each month.

My mom prepares delicious meals.

I am in English class.

Past tense

I rode my bike to school yesterday.

My sister drove me to the movie theater.

Jill went to Indiana last week.

We took the English quiz and did great on it!

Future tense:

We will take the science exam next week.

I will loan you my book.

The boys will help us plant flowers in the park on Saturday.

My horse will gallop faster than yours.

Progressive Forms of the Verb

A progressive form of a tense expresses an action or condition in progress. The progressive forms of the three simple tenses are used to show that actions or conditions are, were, or will be in progress. To make the progressive form, add the present, past, or future form of “be” to the present participle.

1. Present progressive – an action that is in progress (I am learning to drive my son’s motorcycle.)

2. Past progressive – an action that was on-going (We were fishing at Cloe Lake last night.)

3. Future progressive – an action that will be in progress (I will be waiting anxiously for the test results.)

Verb Conjugation – Present Tense

Present Tense

Singular Plural

I study we study

you study you study

he, she, it studies they study

Verb Conjugation – Past Tense

Past Tense

Singular Plural

I studied we studied

you studied you studied

he, she, it studied they studied

Verb Conjugation – Future Tense

Future Tense

Singular Plural

I will study we will study

you will study you will study

he, she, it will study they will study

Verb Conjugation – Present Progressive Form

Singular Plural

I am studying we are studying

you are studying you are studying

he, she, it is studying they are studying

Verb Conjugation – Past Progressive Form

Singular Plural

I was studying we were studying

you were studying you were studying

he, she, it was studying they were studying

Verb Conjugation – Future Progressive Form

Singular Plural

I will be studying we will be studying

you will be studying you will be studying

he, she, it will be studying they will be studying

Perfect Tenses

The present perfect tense places an action or condition in a stretch of time leading up to the present. (Ben has created a monster as his science fair project.)

The past perfect tense places a past action or condition before another past action or condition. (After Tessa had won the race, we congratulated her.)

The future perfect tense places a future action or condition before another future action or condition. (Miss Setree will have graded the tests before we go home this afternoon.)

Verb Conjugation – Present Perfect Tense

Singular Plural

I have talked we have talked

you have talked you have talked

he, she, it has talked they have talked

Verb Conjugation – Past Perfect Tense

Singular Plural

I had talked we had talked

you had talked you had talked

he, she, it had talked they had talked

Verb Conjugation – Future Perfect Tense

Singular Plural

I will have talked we will have talked

you will have talked you will have talked

he, she, it will have talkedthey will have talked

Using Verb Tenses

Writing About the Present – You can write about the present using the present tense, the present perfect tense, or the present progressive form.

1. The present tense places the actions in the present. (The students work on their science projects during class.)

2. The present perfect tense places the actions in the period of time leading up to the present. (The students have worked on their projects all week.)

3. The present progressive form shows the actions are in progress now. (The students are working on their projects this week.)

Writing About the Past – You can use past verb forms to indicate the order in which events occurred.

1. The past tense shows action that began and was completed in the past. (Kevin made cookies for his friend’s birthday.)

2. The past perfect tense places the actions before other past actions. (Jonathan had planned a surprise party for his mother before his sister thought of it.)

3. The past progressive form shows that the actions in the past were in progress. (Scientists were inventing new technologies for years before they began using computers.)

Writing About the Future – By using different future verb forms, you can show how future events are related in time.

1. The future tense shows that the actions have not yet occurred. (Next month we will go to Kennywood.)

2. The future perfect tense places an action before other future actions. (Before she graduates, Angellica will have read more than two thousand books.)

3. The future progressive form shows that the actions in the future will be continuing. (Our students will be continuing their education at the high school.)

Troublesome Verb Pairs

Lie and Lay

Sit and Set

Rise and Raise

Let and Leave

Teach and Learn

May and Can

Lie and Lay

Lie means to rest in a flat position. It does not take an object. (The dog lies at his master’s feet.) Its principal parts are lie – (is) lying – lay – (has) lain

Lay means to put or place. It takes an object. (The boy laid the dog’s treats on the floor.) Its principal parts are lay – (is) laying – laid – (has) laid

Sit and Set

Sit means to be seated. It does not take an object. (My cat sits on the window sill every day to watch the birds at the feeder.) Its principal parts are sit – (is) sitting – sat – (has) sat

Set means to put or to place. It takes an object. (I set the dishes on the table.)

Its principal parts are set – (is) setting – set – (has) set

Rise and Raise

Rise means to move upward; to get out of bed. It does not take an object. (The moon rises over the lake every evening.) Its principal parts are rise – (is) rising – rose – (has) risen.

Raise means to lift or to care for or bring up. It takes an object. (My parents raised seven children.) Its principal parts are raise – (is) raising – raised – (has) raised.

Let and Leave

Let means to permit or to allow. Its principal parts are let – (is) letting – let – (has) let Dan let me use his book for the math test. Will you let me use your bicycle?

Leave means to go away from. Its principal parts are leave – (is) leaving - left – (has) left We will leave the dance at 9:00. Did you leave your hoodie at home? I left the building at 3:45.

Teach and Learn

Teach means to show how or to explain. Its principal parts are teach – (is) teaching – taught – (has) taught. I taught my parakeet how to speak. Will you teach me how to speak Spanish?

Learn means to understand or to gain knowledge. Its principal parts are learn – (is) learning – learned – (has) learned. I learned a new dance this week. Did you learn the new dance routine? You should learn to cook.

May and Can

May means to be allowed to or to be likely to. It asks permission or refers to something that is possible. Another form of may is might. May I borrow your bike? We might be allowed to go to the school dance. May we go to the movies tonight?

Can means to be able to do something. Another form of can is could. I can skateboard at the park. Could you bring the potato chips for the party?

Chapter 4: Verbs Action Verbs Linking Verbs Helping Verbs.

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 4: Verbs Action Verbs Linking Verbs Helping Verbs.