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Transcript of Chapter 4 The English Colonies (1605 – 1735). Chapter 4 The English Colonies (1605 – 1735)...
Chapter 4
The English Colonies
(1605 – 1735)
Chapter 4The English Colonies
(1605 – 1735)
Section 1
The Virginia Colony
Settlement in Jamestown Investors formed joint-stock company – London
Company – to settle Virginia April 26, 1607 – 3 ships arrived off Virginia coast; 105 male
colonists Jamestown – named after English king Men poorly prepared to start settlement; most
adventurers interested in making their fortune (searching for gold) Very few had farming experience Poor site for settlement; surrounded by marshes; water too salty
to drink By the time winter arrived, 2/3 of colonists had died; the few
survivors = hungry and sick Captain John Smith took control in September 1608 –
forced settlers to work and build better housing – biggest contribution was strong leadership
The Powhatan Confederacy Powhatan Confederacy – alliance of Algonquian Indians;
brought food to colonists; taught them to grow corn Not always peaceful; sometimes colonists took food by force 1609 – approx. 400 more settlers arrived in Jamestown; John
Smith had to leave due to injury Winter, disease and famine hit again – “starving
time;” by spring of 1610 only 60 colonists still alive – John Rolfe helped Virginia grow stronger
Important changes: John Rolfe introduced West Indian variety of tobacco – grew
well in Virginia; made a lot of money – colony began to thrive Land ownership shifted from London Company to individuals;
possibility of owning land attracted new settlers
War in Virginia John Rolfe married Pocahontas – Powhatan leader’s
daughter; helped colony form more peaceful relations with Powhatan
Pocahontas died in 1617; father died the next year; colonists no longer relied on Powhatan for food
Colonists wanted to grow tobacco on Indian lands; as the colony grew, so did conflict
1622 colonists killed a Powhatan leader; Powhatan attacked settlers killing hundreds; settlers then burned Indian villages – fighting continued approx. 20 years
War showed Virginia that London Company could not help its colonists Short on supplies; company did not send military support
English Crown cancelled London Company’s charter – Virginia became a royal colony under governor chosen by king
Daily Life in Virginia
Lived on scattered farms rather than townsTobacco plantations formed – made possible
in part by use of the headright system colonists who paid their own way to Virginia
received 50 acres of land – could earn 50 acres for each additional person brought from England
Raising a family difficultMen outnumbered women 7 to 1No schools and few churches
Labor in Virginia
Indentured servants – signed a contract to work for 4 – 7 years for those who paid their ship fare to America approx. 75% of early colonists arrived as
indentured servants Living conditions were poor, sickness was
common; many died before term ended Those who survived gained freedom and could
claim land
Labor in Virginia (continued)
Africans First brought by Dutch in 1619 Some were indentured servants – worked and
lived with white indentured servants; some became successful farmers at end of contracts
Enslaved – became more common as demand for indentured servants greater than the supply and as prices fell
Planters – wealthy farmers with large plantations By late 1600s most Africans in Virginia were being
kept in lifelong slavery Helped some tobacco plantation owners become rich
Bacon’s Rebellion Mid-1600s many colonists grew increasingly unhappy with
conditions Angered by governor’s tight control over the colony and refusal to call
elections Poor colonists believed their concerns were being ignored Higher taxes and lack of available farmland
Began farming land belonging to Natives – broke treaties between government and local American Indians
Bacon’s Rebellion – former indentured servants led by Nathaniel Bacon – wealthy frontier planter and relative of the governor Attacked and burned Jamestown At one point, he controlled much of the colony; he died, the rebellion
ended, and 23 of the remaining rebels were hanged Difficult to make peace with American Indians; fear of future
uprisings by former indentured servants made many planters rely more on slavery
United Streaming Video
Chapter 4The English Colonies
(1605 – 1735)
Section 2
The Pilgrims’ Experience
Puritans and Pilgrims Puritans – wanted to reform, or purify, the
Church of England Bishops and priests had too much power over church
members The Bible was the most reliable source of authority Most extreme sect wanted to separate from the Church of
England Separatists founded their own churches and cut all
ties with the Church of England; punished by English leaders
Pilgrims – separatists who left England in 1608 and moved to the Netherlands Pilgrims happy to be able to practice faith but not
happy that children were learning Dutch language and culture; feared they would forget English traditions
Formed joint-stock company and returned to England to apply for permission to settle in Virginia
The Founding of PlymouthMayflower left England Sept. 16, 1620 with more
than 100 men, women and children not all were Pilgrims, but Pilgrim leaders were in charge –
William Bradford
Landed far north of present-day Virginia; Plymouth Rock – present-day Massachusetts Realized they were outside of boundaries of English charter decided to establish basic laws and social rules to govern their
colony Mayflower Compact – social covenant or contract between
members of society; set out rules by which Pilgrims agreed to govern themselves – one of first attempts at self-government in the English colonies
Pilgrims and American Indians
Most of the local American Indians killed by diseases brought by previous European visitors (fishermen)
Occasionally came across deserted villages and empty cornfields Used empty fields to plant their crops
According to Bradford in March 1621, an American Indian walked into the settlement and spoke English Samoset of a Pemaquid tribe; introduced them to Squanto
– had lived in Europe and spoke English Taught them to fertilize the soil with fish remains
First Thanksgiving – Pilgrims and Wampanoag
The Pilgrim Community Tried farming but land around settlement was
poor; fishing and hunting conditions not good Not wealthy enough to form strong community Different from Virginia in that families were
common Most hoped to have many children (needed to help work)
Taught children to read and offered some education to indentured servants
Family served as center of religious life, health care and community well-being
Women cooked, spun and wove wool, sewed clothing; made butter and soap, carried water, dried fruit, cared for livestock
Men repaired tools, worked in fields, chopped wood and built shelters
The Pilgrim Community (continued)
In Plymouth, women had more legal rights than they did in England had the right to sign contracts and bring certain
cases before local courts Widows could own property Married and widowed women could get licenses to
run inns and to sell liquor
Chapter 4The English Colonies
(1605 – 1735)
Section 3
The New England Colonies
The Massachusetts Bay Colony
Charles I became king in 1625 Raised taxes during period of economic downturn
Church of England began punishing Puritans because they were dissenters Charles I refused to allow Puritans to criticize church
actions
Great Migration – 10 year period in which tens of thousands of men, women and children left England; because of economic, political and religious problems More than 40,000 to Caribbean and New England
The Massachusetts Bay Colony (continued)
King Charles I had granted a charter to Puritans to establish a colony in New England – they formed the Massachusetts Bay Company
Hoped to have freedom to practice their religion freely John Winthrop wrote speech about their goals – reflected belief
that they had made a covenant with God – agreed to build and ideal Christian community
Well prepared to start colony – people were neither wealthy or poor, but brought tools, livestock; trade with Plymouth helped
Established towns of Salem, Mystic, Newton, Watertown, and Dorchester; Puritans built Boston – chief city and capital of Massachusetts Bay
New Hampshire became a royal colony in 1679
Church and State in New England Massachusetts subject to English laws
Company charter provided more independence than the royal charter of Virginia Created a General Court to help run the colony – type of self-
government John Winthrop was the first governor of Massachusetts General Court became a two-house (bi-cameral)
legislature in 1644 – main political body of New England (Massachusetts)
Politics and religion were closely linked Government leaders were church members Male church members were the only colonists who could vote Could only become full members in the church by become what
Puritans called God’s “elect” or chosen
Church and State in New England (continued)
Thomas Hooker (minister) and his followers left Massachusetts to help found Connecticut Helped draft the Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut – set of principles that made Connecticut’s government more democratic
Some have called Hooker “the father of American democracy”
Daily Life and Customs
Lives centered around religion, family duties, and public work
Sundays – 2 sermons; brought all members of community together
Community life more stable than in Virginia Colonists in Virginia were either wealthy or poor People who came to New England were more middle
income; skilled workers or experienced farmers; some had success with fishing or fur trading
Grew food mainly for own use; little need for indentured servants or slaves
Daily Life and Customs (continued)
Most came in family groups Parents helped choose children’s marriage
partners Women had three main duties to fulfill in
marriage – obey husband, have children and run the household
Education was important; wanted children to be able to read the Bible
Massachusetts Bay Colony passed some of the first law requiring parents to provide education Literacy much lower in Virginia
Dissent in Massachusetts
Roger Williams did not agree with the leadership of Massachusetts Called for his church to separate completely Criticize General Court for taking land from American
Indians without paying
Took his supporters to southern New England and formed Providence – later became the colony of Rhode Island
In Providence, Williams supported separation of the church from politics and promoted religious tolerance; wanted to deal with American Indians fairly
Dissent in Massachusetts (continued) Anne Hutchinson (Boston) angered Puritan
church leaders by discussing religious ideas believed to be radical Believed God speaks directly to people apart from the Bible
Important community members met at her home for religious discussions
John Winthrop (Puritan leader) alarmed by her ideas She was put on trial and forced out of the colony She and followers settled the new colony of Portsmouth
(Rhode Island)
The Salem Witch Trials
Worst community conflicts in New England were the witchcraft trials (early 1690s)
Largest number held in Salem, Massachusetts Girls accused people of casting spells on them
– mostly womenCourt often pressured the suspected
witches to confess19 people put to death
Chapter 4The English Colonies
(1605 – 1735)
Section 4
The Southern and Middle Colonies
Tolerant Maryland English Catholics faced persecution in England because
of their sympathies with foreign powers and their opposition to England’s separation from the Roman Catholic Church – not allowed to worship freely
Lord Baltimore (Cecilius Calvert) given charter to start Maryland as refuge for English Catholics; named in honor of England’s queen Henrietta Maria
Proprietary colony – owners controlled the government Spent time raising corn, cattle and hogs Like Virginia in that most settlers were men who raised
tobacco for profit Protestants began moving to Maryland causing religious
conflicts Toleration Act of 1649 – made restricting the religious
rights of Christians a crime; one of the first laws supporting religious tolerance in the English colonies
The Carolinas
Started by 8 proprietors who supported Charles II during the English Civil War; originally one colony
Carolina – latin form of the name Charles North and South Carolina became separate
colonies because settlements widely divided, making it hard to govern them all
North Carolina – poor farmers who moved south from Virginia Few plantations No towns and few churches until early 1700s
The Carolinas (continued)
South Carolina Port of Charles Town – Charleston Attracted many settlers from other English colonies
(particularly from British West Indies) – brought enslaved Africans with them (led them to rely on)
Rice production – required many workers Only mainland colony with a higher population of
enslaved Africans than free whites
Colonists unhappy with proprietors’ management of Carolinas – both became royal colonies
Diversity in New York and New Jersey
New Amsterdam – center of fur trade in New Netherland Generous land grants and religious tolerance attracted
Jews, French Huguenots, Puritans and others Peter Stuyvesant took control in 1647 – experienced soldier
ruled colony as dictator English took control of New Netherland and renamed it
New York (first of the middle colonies) Dutch settlers remained in colony; contributed words such
as boss, cookie and stoop to the English language Duke of York made Carteret and John Lord Berkeley
proprietors of New Jersey – diverse population (Dutch, Swedes, Finns and Scots)
New York and New Jersey produced large amounts of wheat
The Pennsylvania Experiment Quakers (Society of Friends) – one of the largest
religious groups in New Jersey – Protestant sect founded by George Fox in England Believed all people had an “inner light” that could help them
experience God Rejected formal religious practices and dressed plainly Supported nonviolence and religious tolerance
William Penn founded Pennsylvania (west of New Jersey) – provide safe home for Quakers Tried to create a government that was fair to all people Sold land to colonists at low prices, promised religious freedom to all
Christians Government would care for the poor
Penn named the capital of his colony Philadelphia or the City of Brotherly Love; became a model for city planners in other colonies
Delaware sold to Penn; remained part of Pennsylvania until 1776
The Ideal of GeorgiaJames Oglethorpe received permission to
start a colony (Georgia) for poor English citizens; among the group were people who had been jailed for unpaid debts
King hoped Georgia would serve as a shield between South Carolina and Spanish Florida
City of Savannah founded in 1733Oglethorpe wanted Georgia to be different; hoped
it would draw attract small farmers and avoid the rise of a class of wealthy planters He outlawed slavery and limited the size of land grants Gave poor colonists free passage to Georgia
Received cattle, land and food until they could provide their own Settlers grew tired of strict rules (wanted slavery and
larger farms) Became royal colony with new laws