Chapter 4 Socialization. Socialization The process by which people learn their culture. The process...

Chapter 4Chapter 4

SocializationSocialization

SocializationSocialization The process by which people The process by which people

learn their culture. learn their culture. They do so by entering and They do so by entering and

disengaging from a succession of disengaging from a succession of roles and becoming aware of roles and becoming aware of themselves as they interact with themselves as they interact with others.others.

Social InteractionSocial Interaction The view that social interaction The view that social interaction

unleashes human potential is unleashes human potential is supported by studies showing supported by studies showing that children raised in isolation that children raised in isolation do not develop normal language do not develop normal language and other social skillsand other social skills

Social InteractionSocial Interaction Harlow Study of Rhesus MonkeysHarlow Study of Rhesus Monkeys

Harry and Margaret HarlowHarry and Margaret Harlow Conclusion: emotional development Conclusion: emotional development

requires affectionrequires affection Spitz StudySpitz Study

Rene SpitzRene Spitz Conclusion: childhood socialization Conclusion: childhood socialization

seems to be a necessary ingredient to seems to be a necessary ingredient to making us fully human.making us fully human.

Theories of Childhood Theories of Childhood SocializationSocialization

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Charles Horton CooleyCharles Horton Cooley George Herbert MeadGeorge Herbert Mead Jean PiagetJean Piaget Lawrence KohlbergLawrence Kohlberg Lev VygotskyLev Vygotsky Carol GilliganCarol Gilligan


Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic

TheoryTheory Id, Ego, SuperegoId, Ego, Superego Conscious and UnconsciousConscious and Unconscious


Charles Horton CooleyCharles Horton CooleyLooking Glass SelfLooking Glass Self

How we see ourselves How we see ourselves evaluated by othersevaluated by others

Symbolic InteractionismSymbolic InteractionismFace-to-face communicationFace-to-face communication


George Herbert MeadGeorge Herbert Mead The I and the MeThe I and the Me Four Stages: Role-takingFour Stages: Role-taking

ImitationImitation Pretend to Be another personPretend to Be another person Simultaneously take role of Several Simultaneously take role of Several

other peopleother people Generalized otherGeneralized other


Jean PiagetJean PiagetCognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Sensorimotor StageSensorimotor StagePreoperational StagePreoperational StageConcrete Operational StageConcrete Operational StageFormal Operational StageFormal Operational Stage


Lawrence KohlbergLawrence KohlbergMoral ReasoningMoral Reasoning

Preconventional StagePreconventional StageConventionalConventionalPostconventionalPostconventional


Lev VygotskyLev VygotskySociocognitive DevelopmentSociocognitive Development

Ways of thinking determined as Ways of thinking determined as much by social institutions as much by social institutions as innate characteristicsinnate characteristics

Zone of Proximal DevelopmentZone of Proximal Development


Carol GilliganCarol Gilligan Sociological foundations of moral Sociological foundations of moral

development in American boys development in American boys and girlsand girls

Agents of SocializationAgents of Socialization FamiliesFamilies SchoolsSchools Peer GroupsPeer Groups Mass MediaMass Media Professional SocializationProfessional Socialization Resocialization and Total InstitutionsResocialization and Total Institutions

Agents of SocializationAgents of Socialization FamiliesFamilies

Primary Socialization Primary Socialization Primary Socialization is the Primary Socialization is the

process of acquiring the basic process of acquiring the basic skills needed to function in skills needed to function in society during childhood.society during childhood.

Usually takes place in familiesUsually takes place in families

Agents of SocializationAgents of SocializationSchoolsSchools

Secondary SocializationSecondary Socialization Socialization outside the familySocialization outside the family Help prepare students for job marketHelp prepare students for job market 1918 every state in US required 1918 every state in US required

children to attend school until age 16 children to attend school until age 16 or completion of the 8or completion of the 8thth grade. grade.

Agents of SocializationAgents of Socialization Peer GroupsPeer Groups

Consist of individuals who are not Consist of individuals who are not necessarily friends, but are about the necessarily friends, but are about the same age and of similar statussame age and of similar status

Help children & adolescents separate Help children & adolescents separate from families and develop from families and develop independent sources of identityindependent sources of identity

Teach young people how to adapt to Teach young people how to adapt to the ways of the larger societythe ways of the larger society

Agents of SocializationAgents of Socialization Mass MediaMass Media

Allows more self-socializationAllows more self-socialization Choosing socialization influences from Choosing socialization influences from

the wide variety of mass media offeringsthe wide variety of mass media offerings Tend to choose influences that are Tend to choose influences that are

more pervasive, fit existing cultural more pervasive, fit existing cultural standards, and are made especially standards, and are made especially appealing by those who control the appealing by those who control the mass mediamass media

Agents of SocializationAgents of Socialization Professional SocializationProfessional Socialization

Compatible socializationCompatible socialization Non-compatible socializationNon-compatible socialization Conflict with family/communityConflict with family/community The more a student is at odds with The more a student is at odds with

a professional identity, the more a professional identity, the more likely he/she is to drop outlikely he/she is to drop out

Agents of SocializationAgents of Socialization Resocialization and Total InstitutionsResocialization and Total Institutions

Occurs when powerful socializing Occurs when powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid agents deliberately cause rapid change in one’s values, roles, and change in one’s values, roles, and self-conception, sometimes against self-conception, sometimes against one’s willone’s will

Fraternity, Marines, religious orderFraternity, Marines, religious order


Three stagesThree stagesSeparation from one’s old status Separation from one’s old status

and identity (ritual rejection)and identity (ritual rejection)Degradation, disorientation, and Degradation, disorientation, and

stress (ritual death)stress (ritual death)Acceptance of the new group Acceptance of the new group

culture and status (ritual rebirth)culture and status (ritual rebirth)


Total institutions are settings where Total institutions are settings where people are isolated from the larger people are isolated from the larger society and under the strict control society and under the strict control and constant supervision of a and constant supervision of a specialized staff.specialized staff.Asylums and PrisonsAsylums and PrisonsZimbardo ExperimentZimbardo Experiment

Socialization Across the Life CourseSocialization Across the Life Course Adult socialization is necessary Adult socialization is necessary

for four main reasons:for four main reasons:1.1. Adult roles are often discontinuousAdult roles are often discontinuous

2.2. Some adult roles are largely invisibleSome adult roles are largely invisible

3.3. Some adult roles are unpredictableSome adult roles are unpredictable

4.4. Adult roles change as we matureAdult roles change as we mature

Socialization Across the Life CourseSocialization Across the Life Course Adult socialization is necessary for Adult socialization is necessary for

four main reasons:four main reasons:1.1. Adult roles are often discontinuousAdult roles are often discontinuous – –

socialize children to be unresponsible, socialize children to be unresponsible, submissive and asexualsubmissive and asexual

2.2. Some adult roles are largely invisibleSome adult roles are largely invisible




four main reasons:four main reasons:1.1. Adult roles are often discontinuousAdult roles are often discontinuous

2.2. Some adult roles are largely invisibleSome adult roles are largely invisible – –hidden to people to young to perform hidden to people to young to perform them (marriage, occupational roles)them (marriage, occupational roles)




four main reasons:four main reasons:1.1. Adult roles are often discontinuousAdult roles are often discontinuous2.2. Some adult roles are largely invisibleSome adult roles are largely invisible

3.3. Some adult roles are unpredictableSome adult roles are unpredictable – – marrying someone from a different ethnic marrying someone from a different ethnic or religious group; separation & divorce; or religious group; separation & divorce; sudden death of a spouse; job loss & long-sudden death of a spouse; job loss & long-term unemployment; forced migration; term unemployment; forced migration; transition from peace to wartransition from peace to war


Socialization Across the Life CourseSocialization Across the Life Course Adult socialization is necessary Adult socialization is necessary

for four main reasons:for four main reasons:1.1. Adult roles are often discontinuousAdult roles are often discontinuous2.2. Some adult roles are largely invisibleSome adult roles are largely invisible3.3. Some adult roles are unpredictableSome adult roles are unpredictable

4.4. Adult roles change as we matureAdult roles change as we mature – – inner change processes: as children inner change processes: as children grow older, family roles change; with grow older, family roles change; with middle age comes awareness of death middle age comes awareness of death and questions about our way of lifeand questions about our way of life

Identity and the InternetIdentity and the Internet Virtual communities shape our identityVirtual communities shape our identity

An association of people, scattered across An association of people, scattered across the country, continent, or planet, who the country, continent, or planet, who communicate via computer.communicate via computer.

Dilemmas of Childhood and Dilemmas of Childhood and Adolescent SocializationAdolescent Socialization

Preindustrial:Preindustrial: Until late 1600’sUntil late 1600’s children seen as small adultschildren seen as small adults Chores by age 5Chores by age 5 Working full time by age 10-12Working full time by age 10-12 Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 15-16Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 15-16 People did not live long enough to afford the luxury of People did not live long enough to afford the luxury of

childhoodchildhood Most children died before age 5Most children died before age 5 Children a financial assetChildren a financial asset No social need for period of extended training and No social need for period of extended training and

developmentdevelopment


Industrial:Industrial: Until late 1700’sUntil late 1700’s children began to be seen as childrenchildren began to be seen as children Still had chores by age 5Still had chores by age 5 Many still put to work full time by age 10-12Many still put to work full time by age 10-12 Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 15-16Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 15-16 More children survived to adulthoodMore children survived to adulthood Children a financial liabilityChildren a financial liability The need began to immerge for educated populationThe need began to immerge for educated population


Industrial:Industrial: Until late 1700’sUntil late 1700’s children began to be seen as childrenchildren began to be seen as children Still had chores by age 5Still had chores by age 5 Many still put to work full time by age 10-12Many still put to work full time by age 10-12 Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 15-16Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 15-16 More children survived to adulthoodMore children survived to adulthood Children a financial liabilityChildren a financial liability The need began to emerge for educated populationThe need began to emerge for educated population


Post Industrial:Post Industrial: Childhood as a separate developmental stageChildhood as a separate developmental stage Education became mandatory to age 16 or 8Education became mandatory to age 16 or 8 thth grade grade Child labor laws passedChild labor laws passed Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 30Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 30 Because most children survive infancy, parents invest Because most children survive infancy, parents invest

much more emotionally into their childrenmuch more emotionally into their children Children a financial liability so families limit number Children a financial liability so families limit number

of children. Birth control makes this possibleof children. Birth control makes this possible A technological and service oriented society must A technological and service oriented society must

have a highly educated populationhave a highly educated population


Post Industrial:Post Industrial: Problems –Problems –

Declining adult supervisionDeclining adult supervision Increasing media influenceIncreasing media influence Declining extracurricular activitiesDeclining extracurricular activities The Vanishing Adolescent p.121The Vanishing Adolescent p.121


The Case for the End of AdolescenceThe Case for the End of Adolescence

Chapter 4 Socialization. Socialization The process by which people learn their culture. The process...

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