Chapter 4 SECTION 2 -...

106
Chapter 4 SECTION 2 - Populations

Transcript of Chapter 4 SECTION 2 -...

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• Chapter 4

• SECTION 2 - Populations

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• Each organism in an ecosystem needs a place to live called habitat.

1

• The habitat provides everything an organism needs to SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE:

• Food, water

• Shelter

• Adequate temperature and humidity

Habitats

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Organisms are not alone

An ecosystem consists of all the

organisms living in an area, as well as the

nonliving parts of that environment.

Different types of organisms living in the

same area will interact.

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• One of the most important aspects related to the interaction among organisms is called

COMPETITION

Competition occurs when two organisms seek the same resource at the same time.

2

Populations

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Competition will:

1) Decrease an organism’s chance of survival

2) Limit population growth

2

Populations

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• In nature, the most intense competition

is usually among individuals of the

same species, because they need the

same kinds of resources.

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1) What do organisms living in the same

area will compete for?

Food, space, water, light (plants),

organisms of the same species to mate

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2) What is population density? Book page

99 – Population size

It is the number of individuals of one species

Per a specific area

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3) Why is it important to measure the

size of different populations on a given

environment?

-To make sure the species is not in danger

of disappearing of that area

-To determine hunting seasons

-To determine how many organisms can be

removed from the ecosystem

- The size of this organisms Ex. Crabs

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4) What methods can be used to measure

population size?

2 methods that are widely used:

First method :

Sample Counts – Read page 100

Figure 7

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Sample Counts

EX: A biologist collected 1 gallon of pond

water and counted 50 paramecium

(unicellular organisms).

Based on the sampling technique, how many

paramecium could be found in the pond if the

pond were 1,000 gallons?

50 x 1000 = 50,000

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**Problem with the Sample Count

Technique

- different areas might have more dense

populations

if you took a sample from the bottom of

the lake it may be different from a sample

at the top of the lake

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Measuring Population Size

Second method:

Trap, Mark and Release or Mark and Capture

- estimates the number of organisms in a

population

**This technique is commonly used by fish

and wildlife managers to estimate

population sizes before

fishing or hunting seasons.

worksheet

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Problems with the Mark- Release

Technique

• Make sure:

• There is no immigration or emigration

• Animals are mixing with the rest of the

population in between samplings

• Mark them well or they will loose the

mark

• The period of time in between samplings

have to be smaller than the life span

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Aspects that affect the size of a

population

• Birth rates and death rates

• Immigration and Emigration ( organisms

can be carried by wind, water, or just

move on their own)

• Limiting factors

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Important terms

• Find the definitions of:

• Limiting factor

• Carrying capacity

• Biotic Potential

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Limiting Factors – living or non living

2

Populations

• A limiting factor is anything that restricts the number of individuals in a population.

Ex: availability of food, water, living space, mates, nesting sites ( shelter), light (plants), predators

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• A limiting factor can affect more than one population in a community, at the same time

• Ex: Lack of water ,will affect different populations

• lack of light for plants

2

Populations

Limiting Factors

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Visualizing the effect of a limiting factor in a population

• Worksheet to turn in – graph paper and ruler

• The Lynx – Hare relationship over the years reflect how the predator /prey interaction of two species affects population size.

2 Limiting Factors

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• The lynx eats the hare – so if there are

not enough hares, the number of lynx

will decrease. The number of hares

limits the lynx population.

• The hare is killed by the lynx, so if there

are few lynx, the population of hares will

increase.

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• is the largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time.

Carrying Capacity of an Ecossystem 2

• If a population begins to exceed the environment’s carrying capacity, some individuals will not have enough resources and competition will increase.

• die

• move elsewhere.

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• It is the highest rate of reproduction in a population, under ideal conditions

• Ideal Conditions would be:

No diseases

No predators,

Enough food, water and space ( no competition)

Biotic Potential 2

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• When a species moves into a new area with plenty of food, living space, and other resources, the population grows quickly, in a pattern called exponential growth.

• Exponential growth means that the larger a population gets, the faster it grows.

Exponential Growth 2

Populations

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2

Populations

• Over time, the population will reach the ecosystem’s carrying capacity for that species and will stop the exponential growth .

Exponential Growth

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Humans – Exponential Growth

Does Earth have a carrying capacity?

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The S curve – shows the normal pattern

followed by a growing population

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• Book page 105 – questions 1-4

• Workbook page 12

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Section 3

• Interactions within Communities – about

feeding patterns within a community and

how the energy moves from one

organism to another

Guided reading

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1) Organisms obtain energy by the

process of photosynthesis or cellular

respiration. Define:

1a)Producers

1b)Consumers

Explain which one uses photosynthesis

and which one uses cellular respiration

and why.

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• 2) Explain the difference between the 4

types of consumers.

• 3) what is a food chain and what is food

web – see Glossary

• 4) What is symbiosis? List 3 types of

symbiosis and explain.

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• 5) what is niche?

• 6) Why does each species have its own

niche, and why is this important in an

ecosystem?

• 7) Explain why a predator-prey relationship

can be important in an ecosystem.

• 8) Why is cooperation among organisms

important?

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• Living organisms need a constant supply of energy to survive. There are 3 types of processes used by organisms to obtain E.

1 - Obtaining Energy 3

1) Photosynthesis

2) Chemosynthesis

3) cellular respiration

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1) Organisms obtain energy by the

process of photosynthesis or cellular

respiration. Define:

1a)Producers

1b)Consumers

Explain which one uses photosynthesis

and which one uses cellular respiration

and why.

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• Organisms that use an outside energy source like the Sun to make energy-rich molecules

1a- Producers: 3

• Green plants are producers

• they have chlorophyll and will transform water and carbon dioxide into sugars, in the presence of light.

• The process is called photosynthesis

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Chemosynthesis – another chemical

process used by organisms to produce

energy rich nutrients.

It is used by organisms that do not have

access to light – such as bacteria that live

close to the ocean floor.

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Chemosynthesis

These organisms use energy obtained

from chemicals to replace the sunlight

energy used during photosynthesis.

Chemosynthesis is thought to have

been used by the first forms of life on

Earth.

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• Organisms that cannot make their own energy-rich molecules because they do not have chlorophyll.

1b - Consumers

Interactions Within Communities

• Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms ( producers or consumers) and use cellular respiration to break the food and obtain E.

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Oxidation = Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration is an oxidation process.

It is a chain of chemical reactions that happens

in the presence of Oxygen.

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• 2) Explain the difference between the 4

types of consumers.

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• Herbivores – eat plants

• Carnivores – eat meat

• Omnivores – eat plants and meat

• Decomposers – consume wastes and dead animals

Interactions Within Communities

2 - Consumers: 4 types

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• 3) what is a food chain and what is food

web – see Glossary for food web

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3 - Food Chain model that shows the feeding relationships in an ecosystem and the path of the energy .

• For example, shrubs are food for deer, and deer are

The arrow points to the predator

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The arrow points to the predator

Food web is a complex model – shows the

connections among different organisms in

different food chains

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• 4) What is symbiosis? List 3 types of

symbiosis and explain.

• Mutualism

• Commensalism

• parasitism

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4 – Symbiosis 3

• It is the term used to describe any close relationship between species.

• Sometimes one species depend on another to survive

• There are 3:

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a) Mutualism – both organisms

benefit from this association.

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Lichens – association between

algae and a fungus

3

Cyanobacteria or algae

will produce food for

the fungus

Fungus – provide

shelter

or a place to live to the

cyanobacteria

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Bees and hummingbirds

obtain food but also spread the pollen

of the plants

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b) Commensalism - A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected

3

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• Anemones and Clown fish

• The anemone’s tentacles protect the clown fish from predators.

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Shark and Remora:

Commonly called a

suckerfish, the

remora is a marine

fish that attaches to

the shark and feeds

on sharks left

overs.

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c) Parasitism - a symbiotic relationship in

which one organism benefits but the other

is harmed

3

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Roundworms

Are parasites that attach to the inside of the intestines of other organisms and feed on these organism’s blood.

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Dodder – wraps itself around the stems

of other plants damaging the plant

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• 5) what is niche?

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• An organism’s niche is its role in its environment:

- how it obtains food

- or shelter,

- or a mate,

- or cares for its young

- what they eat, where they live, etc.

5- Niche

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• 6- Why does each species have its own

niche, and why is this important in an

ecosystem?

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• The niche of each species that live in the same area is a little different to avoid competition.

• So it is important that different species have different niches

• Examples:

5- Niche

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Closely-related species will:

Have different food preferences,

Hunt for food at different times,

Live in different locations within the area

The niches are a little different so the

different species can live in the same

area

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• It is important because it allows different species to inhabit the same place, bringing diversity to the area.

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• 7) Explain why a predator-prey relationship

can be important in an ecosystem.

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7- Predator and Prey

• Importance for the Ecosystem:

• The predator will limit the size of the prey population

• As a result, food and other resources used by the prey will not be scarce

• the population of the prey in that area will remain somehow constant and,

• the predator will be able to continue feeding on the prey

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Is a predator and prey relationship

a type of symbiosis?

**Predator – Prey is different than symbiosis because one organism will die for the other to survive .

In symbiosis both will live

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• 8) why is cooperation among organisms

important?

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• Individual organisms often cooperate in different ways.

• Cooperation improve survival and it is part of a specie’s niche

8- Cooperation

• For example, a white-tailed deer that detects the presence of wolves or coyotes will alert the other deer in the herd.

• Social organization of insects – different tasks

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• Textbook page 110 questions: 1, 3 and

4

• Workbook page 13

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• Chapter 5 Sections 2 and 3

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Matter and Energy Flow

In nature, energy and matter are never

lost, they just change from one form to

another and are transferred from one

organism to another.

Food Chains and Food Webs are models

that illustrate these transfers.

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Food Chains - is a simple model of

the feeding relationships in an ecosystem.

• It shows how energy is transformed in

nature and how is transferred from one organism to another.

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Food Chains

• A food chain always starts with the producers or

autotrophs ( can make its own food – the others are called heterotrophs)

• The second step are the herbivores or primary consumers

• The third step are the secondary consumers that will eat the primary consumers or herbivores.

• The tertiary consumers eat the secondary consumers. They can be carnivores or omnivores.

• Decomposers

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•A food chain always starts with the producers or autotrophs ( can make its own food – the others are called heterotrophs)

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Decomposers play an important role:

• Decomposers complete the food chain and

will return nutrients from the decomposed dead plant or animal, back to the environment.

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Food Web: model that shows the

complex feeding relationships in a

community.

It is complex because it shows how

different food chains are

interconnected.

Different consumers eat diff. types of

foods

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The arrow points to the organism that is

obtaining the energy

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Trophic Levels

The position of an organism within a food

chain or food web are called trophic levels.

These levels are divided into:

producers (first trophic level),

consumers (the following trophic levels),

decomposers (last trophic level).

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T

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o

p

h

I

c

L

e

v

e

l

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Energy transfer and Energy loss

• Both Food Chain and Food Web show

how energy is transferred from one

trophic level to another.

• IN each one of the trophic levels,

organisms will oxidize their food to

obtain energy to survive.

• From one level to another some

energy is lost to the environment in

the form of heat.

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Energy Pyramids

• Shows the amount of energy available in

each trophic level.

• The first trophic level is the base of the

pyramid, with more organisms and more

energy available.

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% of energy left from one trophic level to another

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• Textbook page 139 question number 3

• Workbook page 17

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Biotic and Abiotic Factors

• Biotic and Abiotic are important parts of

an ecosystem.

• Some abiotic factors are: water,

atmosphere and soil

• They are important because they contain

substances that are indispensable for the

survival of any organism.

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Cycles in Nature

• The Earth contains a fixed amount of

water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen;

materials required for life.

• Theses materials cycle through the

environment and keep on being reused

by different organisms

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Important Cycles

• Water cycle

• Oxygen cycle

• Nitrogen cycle

• Carbon Cycle

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Oxygen Cycle

In your own words, write a paragraph

describing the Oxygen cycle.

Think about: plants, photosynthesis,

animals, respiration.

Time: 5 min

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Oxygen Cycle

• plants ( autotrophs) take in CO2, water

and produce O2 in the presence of sunlight.

• The O2 is released in the atmosphere

• O2 is taken in by heterotrophs during

respiration , transformed in CO2 during

cellular respiration.

• It is released in the atmosphere by the

heterotrophs and absorbed again by

plants.

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Nitrogen Cycle

• 78% of the atmosphere is Nitrogen

• But the N2 in the atmosphere can’t be

used by organisms

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Organisms can’t absorb nitrogen from the

atmosphere

• Molecules of Nitrogen are two atoms of

nitrogen united by a stable triple bond.

This bond must be broken for the

nitrogen to be used.

• The nitrogen gas must be changed to

nitrogen compounds called nitrates or

ammonia, to be absorbed by organisms.

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Nitrogen Cycle-Book page 132

1) Why is Nitrogen important for organisms?

2) Explain Nitrogen Fixation

3) Explain the Nitrogen Cycle or make a

diagram

4) Explain why farmers use fertilizers or

plants with nitrogen fixing bacteria.

5) What type of symbiotic relationship exists

between the bacteria and the roots?

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1) Why is Nitrogen important for

organisms?

Proteins and DNA contain N2 and

organisms depend on these two types of

molecules to survive

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2)Explain Nitrogen Fixation

- Some bacteria can absorb N2 from the

atmosphere and transform this N2 in the

Nitrogen compounds that can be used by

plants.

- Those are the nitrogen-fixing bacteria

that live inside the roots of some plants and

in the soil

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Other important bacteria involved in

the N cycle ( copy)

• Nitrifying bacteria – turn the Nitrogen in

wastes and dead organisms ( ammonia)

into nitrates

• Denitrifying bacteria – turn the nitrates

into N2 ( nitrogen molecules) and return

them to the atmosphere

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Nitrogen Cycle

3) Explain the Nitrogen Cycle or make a

diagram

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Nitrogen Cycle

4) Explain why farmers use fertilizers or

plants with nitrogen fixing bacteria.

When soils is over used, the level of

nutrients decrease. To add nutrients to the

soil and make sure the soil is fertile,

farmers use fertilizers, manure, compost or

plant with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

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5) What type of symbiotic relationship exists

between the bacteria and the roots?

Mutualism:

It is advantageous for both species.

The bacteria depends on the plant for food

and the plant depends on the bacteria to

obtain N2

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Carbon Cycle

Carbon is also very important for any

organism survival.

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Carbon Cycle

• 1) Read page 66 of the textbook and

explain why is carbon important and

where is carbon found in our body.

• 2) Look at the picture on page 134 and

explain what the sources of carbon and

carbon dioxide are.

• 3) Make a drawing or a diagram of the

Carbon Cycle

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1) carbon is found in organic substances

such as:

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and

proteins.

Organisms are made of these substances

Organisms are also dependent on

carbon dioxide that is an inorganic

compound that contains carbon, too.

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Carbon Cycle

• 2) Look at the picture on page 134 and

explain what the sources of carbon and

carbon dioxide are.

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2) burning of fossil fuels releases

carbon dioxide

Organisms cellular respiration to break

sugars releases carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere

organisms decay after death releases

carbon in the soil and carbon dioxide into

the atmosphere

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Carbon Cycle

• 3) Make a drawing or a diagram of the

Carbon Cycle

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• Textbook page 135 questions 2 and 4

• Workbook page 16

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End of Chapter Summary File