CHAPTER 4 rbo

8/19/2019 CHAPTER 4 rbo

1/16

CHAPTER 4

Relationships Between Organizations

SYARFINA ADHELIA 041424253001

TETY INDAH APRIANTI 041424253011

NUR RAVITA HANUN041424253025

MAGISTER AKUNTANSI

FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS

UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

2015/2016CHAPTER 4

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONS


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Organizational Ecosystem

• Interorganizational relationship adala !"la#$%" &"&'"!#aa()a( #!a(*a)*$ *+&,"!

da-a. al+! da( +,+(/a( -a(/ #"!ad$ a(#a!a d+a a#a+ l",$ !/a($*a*$

• Pada a&a( d+l+ ,a(-a) !/a($*a*$ -a(/ d$'a)*a +(#+) $)+# dala& +,+(/a( a(#a!

!/a($*a*$ #"!/a(#+(/ 'ada )",+#+a( da( )"#$da)*#a,$la( da( )&'l")*#$*$#a*

l$(/)+(/a(

Organizational Ecosystem

• S",+a /a/a*a( ,a!+ -a(/ d$d"*)!$'*$)a( a&"* !" ,"!'"(da'a# ,aa !/a($*a*$

*")a!a(/ ,"!)"&,a(/ )" dala& ")*$*#"& ,$*($*

• S",+a ")*$*#"& !/a($*a*$ 6organizational ecosystem7 adala *",+a *-*#"& -a(/

d$,"(#+) ,"!da*a!)a( $(#"!a)*$ )&+($#a* !/a($*a*$ da( l$(/)+(/a((-a

• 8(*"' $($ *a&a d"(/a( '"(d")a#a( &"/a9&&+($#- -a(/ &a(a ,$*($*. '"&"!$(#a.

!/a($*a*$ (( '!:$# ,"!/a,+(/ ,"!*a&a d$ *"/ala *"9#! da( $(d+*#!- +(#+) ada(/

,"*a!. &"(d!(/ &a*ala *"'"!#$ '"(/"&,a(/a( "("!/$. 9-,"!9!$&"

Is competition dead?

T$da) ada '"!+*aaa( -a(/ da'a# ,"!ala( *"(d$!$ d$,aa /"&'+!a( ,$*($*

$(#"!(a*$(al. '"!+,aa( #")(l/$. da( !"/+la*$ ,a!+ O!/a($*a*$ d$ *"l+!+ d+($a

&"(a(a&)a( 'ada a!$(/a( -a(/ )&'l")* +(#+) *+a#+ +,+(/a( -a(/&"&,$(/+(/)a(

U(#+) *a#+ 9(#. '"!+*aaa( ; '"!+*aaa( *")a!a(/ d$,+#+)a( +(#+) ,"!)"&,a(/

,"!*a&a d"(/a( -a(/ la$( d$ ")*$*#"& *"$(//a *"&+a(-a da'a# &"(ad$ )+a#

8&'l")*#$*$#a* *",+a "9*-*#"& d$#+(+))a( d"(/a( #+&'a(/ #$(d$(-a +,+(/a(

d$a(#a!a '"!+*aaa( ; '"!+*aaa( -a(/ ,"!#")(l/$ #$(//$ E9*-*#"& *"9a!a )(*#a(

&"!+,a da( &"(/"&,a(/)a( d"(/a( ,","!a'a +,+(/a( -a(/ &"(ad$ )+a#

*"&"(#a!a -a(/ la$((-a d$'"!l"&a

The changing role of management

• D"(/a( ,+*$("** "9*-*#"&* $($ &a(a/"! ,"laa! +(#+) ,"!/"!a) &"la&'a+$

#a(//+(/ aa, 'ada *#!a#"/$ '"!+*aaa( da( &"(d"*$/( *#!+)#+! $"!a!)$ da(

*-*#"& 9(#!l

• S")a!a(/ $($ &a(a/"! ,"!'$)$#! +(#+) &"&$)$!)a( '!*"* !$


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• S",+a '"("l$#$a( d$la)+)a( l" Ha- G!+' &"&,a/$ a(#a!a '"!a#$(* !l"* a(d

9lla,!a#$%" !l"* D$ a)#+ -a(/ lal+. ,a(-a) &a(a/"! -a(/ &"("!a')a(

'"!a#$( !l"* Na&+( *")a!a(/ 9lla,!a#$%" !l"* &"(ad$ l",$ '"(#$(/ $)a

$(/$( &"!a$ )"*+)*"*a( $)a 'a!#("!*$' /a/al )a!"(a )"/a/ala( a#a*)"#$da)'"!9a-aa( 'a!#("!*$' #"!ada' *#!a#"/$ ,$*($*

Interorganizational framework

• F!a&"!) -a(/ d$/+(a)a( +(#+) &"(/a(al$*a '"!,"daa( *+d+# 'a(da(/

+,+(/a( a(#a! !/a($*a*$

• H+,+(/a( a(#a!a '"!+*aaa( ,$*a d$)a!a)#"!$*#$))a( ,"!da*a!)a( '"!*a&aa( a#a+

'"!,"daa( +,+(/a( '"+!*aa( U(#+) &"&aa&$ '"!*"'")#$: $($. &a(a/"! ,$*a

&"($la$ l$(/)+(/a( &"!")a da( &"(/ad'*$ *#!a#"/$ *"*+a$ )",+#+a(

1. Resources dependence theory2. Collaborative network

3. Population ecology

4. nstitutionalism

TEORI KETERGANTUNGAN SUMBER DAYA

Id" da*a! #"!$ $($ adala ,aa +,+(/a( !/a($*a*$ da( l$(/)+(/a( adala ,"!*$:a#

d"'"(d"(. dala& a!#$ !/a($*a*$ ,"!/a(#+(/ )"'ada l$(/)+(/a( +(#+) &"(da'a#)a(

*+&,"!da-a 6&dal. ,aa( &"(#a. #"(a/a )"!a. #")(l/$ = '"!ala#a(. dll7 Ol" )a!"(a $#+

#"!$ $($ d$*",+# #"!$ )"#"!/a(#+(/a( *+&,"!da-a 6!"*+!9" d"'"(d"(#7

T"!$ )"#"!/a(#+(/a( *+&,"! da-a ,"!'"(da'a# ,aa !/a($*a*$ ,"!+*aa +(#+)

&"(/+!a(/$ )"#"!/a(#+(/a( &"!")a 'ada !/a($*a*$ la$( +(#+) '"(-"d$aa( *+&,"! da-a

'"(#$(/ da( &"(9,a +(#+) &"&'"(/a!+$ l$(/)+(/a( +(#+) &"&,+a# *+&,"! da-a -a(/

#"!*"d$a A/a! al #"!*",+# da'a# #"!9a'a$ &a)a Sala *a#+ *#!a#"/$(-a adala &"(/ad'*$ a#a+

&"(/+,a +,+(/a( $(d"'"(d"(. d"(/a( 9a!a &"&,"l$ )"'"&$l$)a( *+'l$"!. &"la)+)a(

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la$((-a adala &"&a*+))a( '"!+*aaa( '"&a*) dala& )"a(//#a( d"a( d$!")*$.

,"!/a,+(/ d"(/a( a**$a*$ '"!da/a(/a( +(#+) &"(/)!d$(a*$)a( )",+#+a(. &"(//+(a)a(

)"/$a#a( l,$ da( 'l$#$). a#a+ '"(//a,+(/a( d"(/a( '"!+*aaa( la$( +(#+) &"(a&$( *+&,"!

da-a da( 'a*)a( ,aa(

HUBUNGAN RANTAI PEMASOK

U(#+) ,"!'"!a*$ *"9a!a ":$*$"( da( &"&'!d+)*$ '!d+) -a(/ d$,+#+)a( )(*+&"(

d"(/a( )+al$#a* #$(//$. '"(/$!$&a( ,a!a(/ -a(/ a(dal. a!/a #"!a(/)a+ +(#+) 'a*)a( da(

,aa( Ba(-a) '"!+*aaa( &"&,a(/+( +,+(/a( d"(/a( '"&a*) +#a&a +(#+) &"(/(#!l

)"#"!*"d$a( *+&,"! da-a -a(/ d$'"!l+)a(

Manajemen rantai pemasok ( spp!" #$ain mana%ement & &"(/"lla +!+#a( '"&a*) da(

'"&,"l$. -a(/ &"(9a)+' *"&+a #aa' '"(/laa( da!$ &"&'"!l" ,aa( ,a)+ $(//a

&"(d$*#!$,+*$)a( ,a!a(/ ad$ )" )(*+&"( S+''l- 9a$( da'a# d$d":$($*$)a( *",a/a$

*")+&'+la( a)#$:$#a* 6dala& ,"(#+) "(#$#a*>:a*$l$#a*7 -a(/ #"!l$,a# dala& '!*"* #!a(*:!&a*$

da( d$*#!$,+*$ ,a!a(/ &+la$ da!$ ,aa( ,a)+ 'al$(/ aal da!$ ala& *a&'a$ '!d+) ad$ 'ada

)(*+&"( a)$! "(-$&a) da!$ d":$($*$ $($. &a)a *+a#+ *+''l- 9a$( #"!d$!$ da!$ '"!+*aaa(

-a(/ &"(/a(/)+# ,aa( ,a)+ da!$ ,+&$>ala&. '"!+*aaa( -a(/( &"(#!a(*:!&a*$)a( ,aa(

,a)+ &"(ad$ ,aa( *"#"(/a ad$ a#a+ )&'("(. *+''l$"! ,aa(?,aa( '"(d+)+(/ '!d+).

'"!+*aaa( '"!a)$#a(.d$*#!$,+#!. da( !"#a$l"! -a(/ &"(+al ,a!a(/ #"!*",+# )" )(*+&"(

a)$!

d"l S+''l- Ca$( Da*a!

Dala& *+''l- 9a$( ada ,","!a'a '"&a$( +#a&a -a(/ &"!+'a)a( '"!+*aaa( -a(/

&"&'+(-a$ )"'"(#$(/a( -a(/ *a&a. -a$#+ @

1S+''l$"*

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3D$*#!$,+#$(

4R"#a$l S#!"*

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a!$(/a( ,"!&+la da!$ *$($. -a(/ &"!+'a)a( *+&,"! -a(/ &"(-"d$a)a( ,aa( '"!#a&a.

d$&a(a !a(#a$ '"(-al+!a( ,a!+ a)a( &+la$ Baa( '"!#a&a $($ ,$*a dala& ,"(#+) ,aa(

,a)+. ,aa( &"(#a.,aa( '"(l(/. ,a!a(/ da/a(/a(. *+)+ 9ada(/ da(la$(?la$(

2 a(+:a9#+!"*

Ba!a(/ -a(/ *+da d$a*$l)a( l" &a(+:a9#+!"* *+da &+la$ a!+* d$*al+!)a( )"'ada '"la(//a( > )(*+&"( Wala+'+( *+da #"!*"d$a ,a(-a) 9a!a +(#+) &"(-al+!)a( ,a!a(/

)"'ada '"la(//a(. -a(/ +&+& adala &"lal+$ d$*#!$,+#! da( $($ ,$a*a(-a d$#"&'+ l"

*",a/$a( ,"*a! *+''l- 9a$(

3 D$*#!$,+#$(

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da!$ '$a) la$( G+da(/ $($ d$/+(a)a( +(#+) &"(-$&'a( ,a!a(/ *","l+& d$*al+!)a( la/$

)" '$a) '"(/"9"! D$*$($ ada )"*"&'a#a( +(#+) &"&'"!l" '"(/"&a#a( dala& ,"(#+)

+&la $(%"(#!$* da( ,$a-a /+da(/ d"(/a( 9a!a &"la)+)a( d"*a$( )"&,al$ 'la

'"(/$!$&a( ,a!a(/ ,a$) da!$ /+da(/ &a(+:a9#+!" &a+'+( )" #) '"(/"9"!

4 R"#a$l S#!"*

Pa!a '"(/"9"! a#a+ !"#a$l"! &"(aa!)a( ,a!a(/la(/*+(/ )"'ada 'a!a '"la(//a( a#a+

'"&,"l$ a#a+ '"(//+(a ,a!a(/ la(/*+(/ Ya(/ #"!&a*+) !"#a$l *#!"* adala #)

)"l(#(/. *+'"!&a!)"#. a!+(/?a!+(/. da( la$(?la$(

S+''l- Ca$( a(a/"&"(# 6SC7 adala &"!+'a)a( a'l$)a*$ #"!'ad+ -a(/ &"&,"!$)a(

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'"!+*aaa( *")al$/+* &"(/"lla +,+(/a( d$a(#a!a &$#!a +(#+) &"(a/a #$(/)a# )"*"d$aa(

'!d+) da( a*a -a(/ d$,+#+)a( l" '"!+*aaa( *"9a!a '#$&al SC &"(/$(#"/!a*$)a(

&+la$ da!$ '"(/$!$&a( !d"! da( '!*"*(-a. '"(/adaa( ,aa( &"(#a. !d"! #!a9)$(/.

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da( '"(/"&,a(/a( '!d+) ,a!+ ad$ )ala+ *+''l- 9a$( adala a!$(/a( :$*$)(-a. -a)($

'"!+*aaa( ? '"!+*aaa( -a(/ #"!l$,a# dala& &"&a*) ,aa( ,a)+. &"&'!d+)*$ ,a!a(/

&a+'+( &"(/$!$&)a((-a )" '"&a)a$ a)$!. *"da(/)a( SC adala &"#d". ala# a#a+

'"(d")a#a( '"(/"llaa((-a

IMP'IKASI KEKUASAAN

Dala& #"!$ )"#"!/a(#+(/a( *+&,"! da-a. '"!+*aaa( ,"*a! &"&$l$)$ )")+a*aa( a#a* '"&a*)

)"9$l Ia da'a# &"&$(#a *+''l$"!* +(#+) &"(-"!a' > &"(")a( ,$a-a. '"(/$!$&a( -a(/ l",$ ":$*$"(.

da( &"(-"d$a)a( '"la-a(a( -a(/ l",$ ,a$) da!$ *","l+&(-a #a('a &"(a$))a( a!/a Pa!a *+''l$"!

*"!$(/ #$da) &"&$l$)$ '$l$a( *"la$( &"(ala()a( )",$a)a( da!$ '"!+*aaa( da( ,$la &"!")a /a/al

&a)a &"!")a a)a( d$)"l+a!)a( da!$ ,$*($* T"#a'$ #$da) *"&+a d"&$)$a(. ada +/a '"!+*aaa( -a(/

&"&$l$)$ )")+a*aa( a#a* '"&a*) > *+''l$"! )"9$l &"("!a')a( )",$a)a( -a(/ $( ; $( *l+#$( ,a/$

)"d+a ,"la '$a) 6 *al$(/ &"(/+(#+(/)a( 7

ARINGAN KO'ABORATI)

D":$($*$ 8la,!a*$ &"!+'a)a( '!*"* 'a!#$*$'a*$ ,","!a'a !a(/. )"l&'). da(

!/a($*a*$ -a(/ ,")"!a *a&a +(#+) &"(9a'a$ a*$l -a(/ d$$(/$()a( 8la,!a*$

&"(-"l"*a$)a( %$*$ ,"!*a&a. &"(9a'a$ a*$l '*$#$: ,a/$ )ala-a) -a(/ &"!")a la-a($. da(

&"&,a(/+( *$*#"& -a(/ *al$(/ #"!)a$# +(#+) &"(/a#a*$ &a*ala da( '"l+a(/ 8la,!a*$ +/a &"l$,a#)a( ,"!,a/$ *+&,"! da-a da( #a(//+(/ aa, +(#+) *"9a!a ,"!*a&a

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&"!"(9a(a)a(. &"la)*a(a)a( da( &"(/"%al+a*$ '!/!a&?'!/!a& +(#+) &"(9a'a$ #++a(

,"!*a&a A(//#a )la,!a*$ a!+* ,"!*"d$a +(#+) ,"!,a/$ %$*$. &$*$. )")+a#a(. *+&,"! da-a

da( #++a( P"!*'")#$: a!$(/a( )la,!a#$: &"!+'a)a( al#"!(a#$: -a(/ &+(9+l +(#+) #"!$

*+&,"! da-a )"#"!/a(#+(/a(

*+ Persa$aan ,er%a,n% ,ersama ntk menja-i !e,i$ kompetiti. -an ntk ,er,a%ism,er -a"a "an% !an%ka

S+&,"! da-a -a(/ #"!,a#a* > la(/)a. &"(ad$ *ala *a#+ ala*a( '"!+*aaa( ; '"!+*aaa(

+(#+) ,"!)la,!a*$ D$&a(a &"!")a ,"!,a/$ )")+a#a( *+&,"! da-a +(#+) &"(9a'a$

#++a( -a(/ *a&a *"$(//a '"!:!&a '"!+*aaa( &"(ad$ l",$ )&'"#$#$:

/+ A!iansi memer!kan manajer "an% pan-ai mem,an%n jarin%an

D$)a!"(a)a( a!+* #"!,"(#+)(-a +,+(/a( > )"!a *a&a -a(/ ,a$) a(#a! '"!+*aaa( -a(/

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a/a! a!$(/a( )la,!a*$ #"!*",+# da'a# ,"!ala( *"la!a* da( a!&($* +(#+)

)","!la(/*+(/a( +*aa ,"!*a&a

0+ Persa$aan -apat ,er,a%i risiko -an kerjasama merpakan pras"arat ntk ino1asi

"an% !e,i$ ,esar2 peme#a$an masa!a$2 -an kinerja

"(/a'a )la,!a*$ d$'"!l+)a( d$)a!"(a)a( d"(/a( ,"!)la,!a*$ '"!+*aaa( da'a#

,"!,a/$ !"*$) )"#$)a &"&a*+)$ 'a*a! ,a!+ -a(/ &a(a ,$a*a(-a &"&,+#+)a( *+&,"!

da-a -a(/ ,"*a! D"(/a( ,"!)la,!a*$ &a)a '"!+*aaa( da'a# &"&a*+)$ 'a*a! #"!*",+#

d"(/a( &"&$($&al$*$! !"*$) da( &"(")a( ,$a-a 8"!a*a&a &"("&,a#a($ '"!+*aaa( ;

'"!+*aaa( +(#+) da'a# ,"!$(%a*$ l",$. &"(-"l"*a$)a( '"!&a*alaa( ,"!*a&a *"!#a

&"($(/)a#)a( )$("!a '"!+*aaa(

H+,+(/a( $(#"!!/a($*a*$(al &"&,"!$)a( *"&a9a& a!$(/a( '"(/a&a(a( -a(/

&"(d!(/ $(%"*#a*$ a(/)a 'a(a(/. '"&,a/$a( $(:!&a*$. da( '"(/a&,$la( !"*$)

O!/a($*a*$ da'a# &"(9a'a$ l"%"l -a(/ l",$ #$(//$ a#a* $(%a*$ da( )$("!a. )a!"(a 'la

'"&$)$!a( &"!")a ,"!al$ da!$ '"!&+*+a( &"(ad$ 'la '$)$! 'a!#("!*$' a#a+ )"&$#!aa(

DARI MUSUH MENADI KA3AN

D"(/a( ada(-a '"!+,aa( 'la '$)$! a)a #"!ad$ '+la '"!+,aa( )a!a)#"!$*#$) dala&

+,+(/a( $(#"!!/a($*a*$(al P"!+,aa( #"!*",+# d$"la*)a( dala& #a,"l d$,aa $($

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Pa-a orientasi tra-isiona! 4 perms$an

Keter%antn%an atas sm,er -a"a ren-a$

• L$(/)+(/a( )"!a -a(/ '"(+ )"9+!$/aa(. )&'"#"(*$ da( )"'a(a(/a( #a(/a(

'"!+*aaa(

• P"!+*aaa( l",$ &"(/+)+! )$("!a *"9a!a d"#a$l da( d$aa*$ *"9a!a #"!#+#+'

• O!$"(#a*$ +#a&a 'ada a!/a "::$*$"(*$. )"+(#+(/a( '!$,ad$ Sa-a(/(-a $(:!&a*$ -a(/

d$'"!l" da( :""d,a9) -a(/ d$ #"!$&a l",$ #"!,a#a*

• R"*l+*$ +)+& a#a* )(:l$)

• 8"#"!l$,a#a( -a(/ &$($&al. ada(-a $(%"*#a*$ d$&+)a -a(/ ,"*a!. da( *+&,"! da-a

#"!'$*a

• H+,+(/a( d"(/a( *+''l$"!* #"!$)a# d"(/a( )(#!a) a(/)a '"(d")

• 8!a) a(-a #"!,a#a* 'ada +,+(/a( )"!a

Pa-a orientasi ,ar 4 partners$ip

Keter%antn%an atas sm,er -a"a tin%%i

• 8"'"!9a-aa(. ($la$ #a&,a 'ada )"d+a ,"la '$a) *"!#a )&$#&"( -a(/ ,"*a!

• +)+!a( )$("!a l(//a! da( &a*ala d$*"l"*a$)a( d"(/a( d$*)+*$

• )"*"#a!aa(. )"*"'a)a#a( -a(/ ad$l da( )"+(#+(/a( d$)"d+a ,"la '$a)

• al+! "l")#!($) d$'"!+(#+))a( *",a/a$ &"d$a ,"!,a/$ $(:!&a*$ +#a&a. ada(-a

:""d,a9) a#a* &a*ala -a(/ #$&,+l. da( d$*"l"*a$)a( d"(/a( d$*)+*$

• &")a($*&" )!d$(a*$ -a(/ "!a# @ la(/*+(/ d"(/a( !a(/ la'a(/a(

• 'a!#("! #"!l$,a# dala( '"!a(9a(/a( d"*$/( '!d+) da( '!d+)*$ *"!#a ,"!,a/$ *+&,"!

da-a

• H+,+(/a( d"(/a( *+''l$"!* #"!$)a# d"(/a( )(#!a) a(/)a 'a(a(/

• "(-"d$a)a( ,a(#+a( ,$*($* *"la&a &a*a )(#!a)

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Ekologi populasi

Bagian ini mm!"#na$#an !"%!#&i' (ang )")*a mngnai +,),ngan an&a"a

-"gani%a%i. -!,$a%i#-$-gi !"%!#&i' )")*a *a"i !"%!#&i' (ang $ain #a"na

)"'-#,% !a*a #"agaman -"gani%a%i *an a*a!&a%i *a$am !-!,$a%i -"gania&i-n%.

Suatu populasi adalah %!"ang#a& -"gani%a%i (ang &"$i)a& *a$am #gia&an

%",!a *ngan !-$a (ang %ama *an +a%i$ !man'aa&an %,m)" *a(a. A*a!&a%i

-"gani%a%i in*ii*, %anga& &")a&a% *i)an*ing#an *ngan !",)a+an (ang

*imin&a -$+ $ing#,ngan. Bn&,#)n&,# -"gani%a%i (ang *iangga! "$a&i' %&a)i$

*i$a(ani -$+ !"#m)angan )n&,#)n&,# )a", -"gani%a%i m$a$,i ini%ia&i'

#i"a,%a+aan.

Mn,",& !an*angan #-$-gi #&i#a m$i+a& %,a&, !-!,$a%i -"gani%a%i %a"a

#%$,",+an !",)a+an $ing#,ngan -"gani%a%i mnn&,#an a!a#a+ %),a+

-"gani%a%i )i%a )"&a+an a&a, gaga$. A%,m%in(a a*a$a+ )a+a -"gani%a%i

in*ii*, mn*"i&a #$ma+an %&",#&,"a$ *an %,$i& ,n&,# )"a*a!&a%i *ngan

!",)a+an $ing#,ngan. a*i #&i#a &"7a*i !",)a+an (ang !a& -"gani%a%i &,a

n*",ng mn,",n a&a, gaga$ *an m,n,$ -"gani%a%i )a", (ang $)i+ %%,ai

*ngan #),&,+an $ing#,ngan.

What Hinders Adaptation?

Mi+a$ 8annan *an -+n F"man -"igina&-"% *a"i m-*$ #-$-gi !-!,$a%i

-"gani%a%i )"!n*a!a& )a+a a*a )an(a# #&")a&a%an !a*a #mam!,an

-"gani%a%i ,n&,# )",)a+. An&a"a $ain9

a. K&")a&a%an )"a%a$ *a"i in%&a%i )"a& !a*a &anaman !"a$a&an *an

!"%-n$ #+,%,%). in'-"ma%i &")a&a%

. Da"i %,*,& !an*ang !a"a !ngam)i$ #!,&,%an*. -"gani%a%i (ang %,#%% mm)na"#an !"-%*," %aa& ini. K%,$i&an ,n&,# mng,)a+ ),*a(a !",%a+aan.

-!,$a%i#-$-gi M-*$ ini *i#m)ang#an *a"i &-"i %$#%i a$am *a$am )i-$-gi

*an i%&i$a+ -$,%i %"&a %$#%i *ig,na#an ,n&,# m",7,# !a*a !"-%% (ang

mn*a%a"i !"i$a#,. T-"i -$,%i )i-$-gi mn-)a mn7$a%#an mnga!a )n&,#

)n&,# #+i*,!an &"&n&, m,n,$ *an )"&a+an +i*,! %mn&a"a (ang $ain

)ina%a. B)"a!a &-"i )"!n*a!a& )a+a )n&,# (ang )"&a+an +i*,!

)ia%an(a (ang !a$ing %%,ai ,n&,# $ing#,ngan &"*#a&.

:


9/16

Organizational or! and "i#he

M-*$ -!,$a%i#-$-gi )"#ai&an *ngan )n&,#)n&,# -"gani%a%i. Bn&,#

-"gani%a%i m$i!,&i &#n-$-gi %!%i;# -"gani%a%i %&",#&," !"-*,# &,7,an *an

&naga (ang *a!a& *i!i$i+ a&a, *i&-$a# -$+ $ing#,ngan. S&ia! -"gani%a%i )a",

mn-)a ,n&,# mnm,#an $a+


10/16

*i+a"gai -$+ $ing#,ngan. Bn&,# -"gani%a%i (ang *i%im!an m,ng#in

mn7a*i *-minan )agian *a"i $ing#,ngan.

Da"i !-!,$a%i!"%!#&i' #-$-gi $ing#,ngan m",!a#an 'a#&-" !n&ing *a$am

#)"+a%i$an a&a, #gaga$an -"gani%a%i. O"gani%a%i +a",% mmn,+i #),&,+an

$ing#,ngan a&a, a#an &i*a# *i!i$i+. "-%% a"ia%i %$#%i *an "&n%i mnga"a+

!a*a !m)n&,#an )n&,#)n&,# -"gani%a%i )a", *a$am %,a&, !-!,$a%i

-"gani%a%i.

Strategi untuk $ertahan

"in%i! $ain (ang mn*a%a"i m-*$ #-$-gi !-!,$a%i a*a$a+ !"7,angan ,n&,#

#%i%&n%i a&a, #-m!&i%i. Da$am !"%!#&i' #-$-gi !-!,$a%i %&"a&gi generalis

*an spesialis mm)*a#an )n&,#)n&,# -"gani%a%i *a$am ,%a+an(a ,n&,#

)"&a+an +i*,!. O"gani%a%i *ngan )")agai ",# a&a, *-main (ai&, -"ang

-"ang (ang mnaa"#an )")agai !"-*,# a&a, 7a%a a&a, (ang m$a(ani !a%a"

(ang $,a% adalah generalis. O"gani%a%i (ang mm)"i#an 7ang#a,an (ang

$)i+ %m!i& )a"ang a&a, 7a%a a&a, (ang m$a(ani !a%a" (ang $)i+ %m!i&

adalah spesialis.

Gn"a$i% mam!, mnga$-#a%i#an #m)a$i %,m)" *a(a in&"na$ ,n&,#

)"a*a!&a%i *ngan !",)a+an $ing#,ngan. Nam,n #a"na %!%ia$i% %"ingn(aa*a$a+ !",%a+aan (ang #i$ m"#a *a!a& )"g"a# $)i+ !a& *an $)i+

@#%i)$ *a$am )"a*a!&a%i.

(ele!$agaan

"%!#&i' #$m)agaan mm)"i#an !an*angan )a+a -"gani%a%i mm"$,#an

$gi&ima%i *a"i !a"a %&a#+-$*". Dngan *mi#ian !"%!#&i' #$m)agaan

mnggam)a"#an )agaimana -"gani%a%i )"&a+an *an )"+a%i$ m$a$,i

#%%,aian an&a"a %),a+ -"gani%a%i *an +a"a!an *a"i $ing#,ngann(a.

Ling#,ngan #$m)agaan &"*i"i *a"i n-"man-"ma *an ni$aini$ai *a"i

%&a#+-$*"


11/16

*a!$aran (ele!$agaan dan +esain Organisasi

S,*,& an*ang #$m)agaan 7,ga m$i+a& -"gani%a%i mmi$i#i *,a *imn%i (ang

!n&ing (a#ni &+nia$ *an in%&i&,%i-na$. Dimn%i &#ni% a*a$a+ +a"i # +a"i

#"7a &#n-$-gi *an #),&,+an -!"a%i. S&",#&," #$m)agaan a*a$a+ )agian

*a"i -"gani%a%i (ang !a$ing &"$i+a& # $,a" !,)$i#. S$ain i&, *imn%i &#ni%

*ia&," -$+ n-"man-"ma "a%i-na$i&a% *an ;%in%i &&a!i *imn%i #$m)agaan

*ia&," -$+ +a"a!an *a"i $ing#,ngan #%&"na$.

S)agai +a%i$ *a"i &#anan ,n&,# m$a#,#an +a$+a$ (ang $a(a# *an a"a (ang

)na" %&",#&," '-"ma$ -"gani%a%i $)i+ mn"min#an +a"a!an *an ni$aini$ai

$ing#,ngan *a"i!a*a &,n&,&an a#&ii&a% #"7a. Ini )"a"&i )a+a %,a&, -"gani%a%i

*a!a& mn("&a#an !-%i%i a&a, #gia&an


12/16

.i!eti# or#es. K)an(a#an -"gani%a%i &",&ama -"gani%a%i )i%ni%

mng+a*a!i #&i*a#!a%&ian (ang )%a". E#%#,&i' mngama&i %),a+ in-a%i

*a$am %,a&, !",%a+aan ,m,mn(a *iangga! )"+a%i$ %+ingga !"a#&i#

mana7mn *ngan !a& *i&i",. -n&-+n(a a*a$a+ !"-$i'"a%i +-&%!-& CiFi *i

#a'#a' +-&$ *an )an*a" ,*a"a. S&a"),#% a*a$a+ %a$a+ %a&, !",%a+aan

!"&ama (ang mnga*-!%i CiFi mm,ng#in#an !$anggan ,n&,# mngg,na#an

$a!&-! *an #-m!,&" gnggam *i S&a"),#% &-#-. "a#&# ini *ngan !a& &$a+

*i&i", -$+ #*,a !",%a+aan )%a" *an #i$ *a"i 8-$i*a( Inn # &-#- $-#a$.

Fn-mna ini *i$a#,#an &an!a a*a ),#&i 7$a% )a+a #in"7a a#an *i&ing#aan.

"-%% mim%i% mn7$a%#an mnga!a 'n-mna i&, &"7a*i *i *,nia )i%ni%

Coer#i/e 0.e!aksa1 or#es. Sm,a -"gani%a%i &,n*,# !a*a &#anan )ai#

'-"ma$ ma,!,n in'-"ma$ *a"i !m"in&a+ $m)aga "g,$a&-" *an -"gani%a%i

-"gani%a%i !n&ing $ainn(a *i $ing#,ngan #+,%,%n(a !",%a+aan (ang

)"gan&,ng. (ekuatan -ang !e!aksa adalah tekanan2tekanan eksternal

-ang di$erikan pada suatu organisasi untuk !engadopsi struktur3

teknik3 atau perilaku -ang !irip dengan organisasi lain& S!"&i +a$n(a

*ngan !",)a+an $ain (ang *i&im),$#an #a"na ##,a&an #-"%i' &i*a#

mm),a& -"gani%a%i $)i+ '#&i' &&a!i a#an &"$i+a& $)i+ '#&i' *an a#an

*i&"ima %)agai %%,a&, (ang %a+ *a$am $ing#,ngan.B)"a!a &#anan m,ng#in mmi$i#i ##,a&an +,#,m %!"&i man*a&

!m"in&a+ ,n&,# mnga*-!%i !"a$a&an !ngn*a$ian !-$,%i )a",. "a&,"an

#%+a&an *an #%$ama&an m,ng#in mn,n&,& )a+a %-"ang !&,ga%

#amanan *i&,n7,#. "a&,"an )a", *an *an !ngaa%an !m"in&a+ &$a+

*ia&," ,n&,# in*,%&"i a#,n&an%i %#an*a$ a#,n&an%i $,a% )"i#,&.

",)a+an -"gani%a%i (ang *i+a%i$#an *a"i ##,a&an##,a&an #-"%i' &"7a*i

#&i#a %),a+ -"gani%a%i &"gan&,ng !a*a (ang $ain #&i#a )i$a a*a 'a#&-"'a#&-"

!-$i&i# %!"&i !"a&,"an +,#,m *an %an#%i (ang &"$i)a& a&a, #&i#a #-n&"a#

$ain a&a, *a%a" +,#,m mn*;ni%i#an +,),ngan. O"gani%a%i (ang )"-!"a%i *i

)aa+ #n*a$a &"%),& a#an mnga*-!%i !",)a+an *an )"+,),ngan %a&,

%ama $ain *ngan a"a (ang mning#aan )a&a% +-m-gni&a% *an #"agaman.

"or!ati or#es& A$a%an #&iga !",)a+an -"gani%a%i mn,",& !an*angan

#$m)agaan a*a$a+ ##,a&an n-"ma&i'. Tekanan untuk $eru$ah untuk

!en#apai standar proesionalis!e dan !engadopsi teknik -ang

dianggap oleh ko!unitas proesional untuk !en5adi up to date dan

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13/16

eekti . ",)a+an m,ng#in *a$am %,a&, )i*ang %!"&i &#n-$-gi in'-"ma%i

!"%(a"a&an a#,n&an%i &#ni# !ma%a"an a&a, +,),ngan #-$a)-"a&i' *ngan

-"gani%a%i $ain. T#anan n-"ma&i (ang *i&"ima !",%a+aan mi"i! *ngan

&#anan (ang *i&"ima #a"(aan a*a #a7i)an a&a, &,ga% ,n&,# %&an*a"

#in"7a (ang &inggi (ang *i*a%a"#an !a*a n-"man-"ma !"-'%i-na$ )"%ama -$+

!a"a mana7" *an %!%ia$i% *i -"gani%a%i ma%ingma%ing. N-"man-"ma ini

*i%am!ai#an m$a$,i !n*i*i#an *an %"&i;#a%i !"-'%i-na$ *an mmi$i#i +am!i"

%a&, m-"a$ a&a, &i% )"*a%a"#an !"%(a"a&an %&an*a" &"&inggi (ang *i&"ima

-$+ !"-'%%i-na$.

S,a&, -"gani%a%i *a!a& mngg,na#an %a$a+ %a&, a&a, %m,a m#ani%m

mim&i% #-"%i' a&a, ##,a&an n-"ma&i' ,n&,# !",)a+an i&, %n*i"i ,n&,#

$gi&ima%i (ang $)i+ )%a" *a$am $ing#,ngan #$m)agaan. ",%a+aan

n*",ng mngg,na#an m#ani%m ini #&i#a m"#a )"&in*a# *a$am #-n*i%i

#&"gan&,ngan #&i*a#!a%&ian am)ig, &,7,an *an #&"gan&,ngan !a*a

#"*n%ia$ !"-'%i-na$. 8a%i$ *a"i !"-%% ini a*a$a+ )a+a -"gani%a%i mn7a*i

7a,+ $)i+ +-m-gn *a"i!a*a (ang *i+a"a!#an *a"i #an#a"agaman (ang a$ami

*i an&a"a mana7" *an $ing#,ngan.

5ase .or ana!"sis

O6.or- P!asti#s man.a#tres $i%$78a!it" p!asti#s an- resins .or se in a 1ariet" o. pro-#ts2

.rom !a9n ornaments an- patio .rnitre to atomo,i!e+ T$e O6.or- p!ant !o#ate- near Beatt".

a #( : a,+# 45.000 $( a *+# "a*#"!( *#a#". emp!o"s a,ot 02::: 9orkers+ It p!a"s an

important ro!e in t$e !o#a! e#onom" an-2 in-ee-2 t$at o. t$e entire state2 9$i#$ o..ers .e9 9e!!7

pa"in% .a#tor" jo,s

I( "a!l- 2004. Sa& H"(d"!*(. 'la(# &a(a/"! : #" B"a##- :a9$l$#-. (#$:$"d G%"!(! T& W$(9"ll

#a# O:!d a* !"ad- # a((+(9" 'la(* :! a &a! add$#$( # #" :a9#!-?a *#a#"?:?#"?a!# 9l! la,

a(d 'a$(# *' #a# +ld "(a,l" ,"##"! a(d :a*#"! &a#9$(/ : 9l!* # 9+*#&"! !"+$!"&"(#* T"

(" *' +ld )""' O:!d 9&'"#$#$%" $( #" :a*#?'a9"d /l,al &a!)"# :! 'la*#$9*. a* "ll a* ,!$(/

12


14/16

#" B"a##- 'la(# $(# :+ll 9&'l$a(9" $# +'da#"d US E(%$!(&"(#al P!#"9#$( A/"(9- 6EPA7

!"/+la#$(*

Pla(* :! #" (" :a9$l$#- "!" la!/"l- 9&'l"#" T$e ,i%%est remainin% task 9as i-enti."in% t$e

spe#i.i# !o#ation+ T$e ne9 #o!or !a, an- paint s$op +ld 9%"! a''!$&a#"l- 25 a9!"*. re8irin%O6.or- to pr#$ase some a--itiona! !an- a-ja#ent to its ;


15/16

a(+ G##l$",. d$!"9#! : S#a#" D"'a!#&"(# : E(%$!(&"(#al +al$#-

C$#- G%"!(&"(#

a-! Ba!,a!a O##. a 'l$#$9al ("9&"! a* ,""( $( ::$9" l"** #a( a -"a! a(d

9a&'a$/("d ( "(%$!(&"(#al $**+"*

a! Wa*$(/#(. #" Ca&,"! : C&&"!9" 9a$! : l9al "9(&$9 d"%"l'&"(#

P+,l$9

a- P$("la*. 9a$!&a( : H$*#!$9 B"a##- a!/+"* %9$:"!+*l- #a# :+#+!" : #" !"/$(

l$"* $( $*#!$9 a(d (a#+!al '!"*"!%a#$( a(d #+!$*&

T&&- T&')$(*. '!"*$d"(# : #" Sa%" O+! F+#+!" F+(da#$( a 9al$#$( : '!$%a#"

$(d$%$d+al* a(d !"'!"*"(#a#$%"* :!& #" l9al +($%"!*$#- a%" l(/ ,""( $(%l%"d $(

'+,l$9 "(%$!(&"(#al $**+"* a(d a%" *+99"**:+ll- #a!#"d a# l"a*# (" '!"%$+* "'a(*$(

'!"9#

H"(d"!*( $* :""l$(/ #!( a,+# # '!9""d H" #$(* # $&*"l:. @To mo1e .or9ar-2 $o9 9i!! I

,i!- a #oa!ition amon% t$ese -i1erse or%ani=ations an- %rops He n-erstan-s t$e nee- .or

O6.or- to mo1e 8i#k!"2 ,t $e 9ants O6.or- to $a1e a %oo- re!ations$ip 9it$ t$e peop!e an-

or%ani=ations t$at 9i!! sre!" oppose -estr#tion o. more o. Beatt"?s natra! ,eat"+ H"(d"!*(

a* ala-* l$)"d :$(d$(/ a $(?$( 9&'!&$*". ,+# #"!" a!" * &a(- /!+'* $# a( $(#"!"*# $( #$*

'!"9# #a# "* (# *+!" "!" # *#a!# a-," " *+ld ,"/$( ,- !)$(/ 9l*"l- $# B"#

F!$"dla(d"! :!& #" /%"!(!* ::$9"?#"!"* ( d+,# #$* $* a( "#!"&"l- $&'!#a(# '!"9# :! #"

*#a#"* "9(&$9 d"%"l'&"(# O( #" #"! a(d. $#* #" l9al '"'l" a!" /$(/ # ," &*#

a::"9#"d a(d &*# $(%l%"d $( #" :$(al d"9$*$(* O:!d* %$9" '!"*$d"(# a* *+//"*#"d a '!"**

9(:"!"(9" # a((+(9" #" (" *' a# #" "(d : #" ""). ,+# H"(d"!*( $* !!$"d a,+# '+##$(/

#" ("* +# 9ld P"!a'* " *+ld 9all a &""#$(/ : $(#"!"*#"d 'a!#$"* ( a(d l"# "%"!-(" /"#

#"$! :""l$(/* +# $(# #" '"( H" )(* $# 9+ld /"# "&#$(al. ,+# " (d"!* $: #$(/* (# /"#

&+9 +/l$"! la#"! ( $: " d"*(#

SO'UTIONS4

U*aa H"(d"!*( +(#+) &"&'"!l" $(?$( *l+#$(* -a!am menja!in kerjasama "an%

,aik antar or%anisasi ,aik pemerinta$ mapn or%anisasi !in%kn%an2 -a(/ a!+* d$la)+)a(

H"(d"!*( '"!#a&a )al$ adala ,"!("/*$a*$ d"(/a( '$a) &a*-a!a)a# -a(/ dala& al $($

d$a)$l$ l" T&&- T&')$(*. '!"*$d"(# : #" Sa%" O+! F+#+!" F+(da#$( da( a- P$("la*.

9a$!&a( : H$*#!$9 B"a##-

Pa!a '$a) -a(/ &"a)$l$ &a*-a!a)a# dala& '!*"* ("/*$a*$ #"(#+(-a &"&$l$)$ '"#$#+&?

'"#$#+& -a(/ &"(/a!a')a( '$a) 'a,!$) da'a# &"(ala()a((-a Ol" )a!"(a(-a H"(d"!*(

14


16/16

a!+* ,"!("/*$a*$ #"(#a(/ '"#$#+&>#+(#+#a( &"!")a )"'ada a#a*a(-a -a)($ Wa-(" Tal,"!#. l9al

+($( '!"*$d"(# da( a!) T&a*. %$*" '!"*$d"(# : N!# A&"!$9a( O'"!a#$(*

T"!da'a# B","!a'a '*$ ,a/$ '$a) 'a,!$) :!d@

1 O'*$ #$da) &"(",a(/ '( ,""9@

? R"l)a*$. -a(/ #"(#+(-a a)a( &"&a)a( ,$a-a -a(/ *a(/a# #$(//$. ,a)a( ,$*a ad$ l",$ #$(//$

da!$ '!*"* '"&,+a#a( 'a,!$) ,a!+ da( d"(/a( a*$l -a(/ ,"l+& #"(#+ ,"!a*$l

? T"#a' &"&'"!#aa()a( '( ,""9. d"(/a( &"&,+a# OU 'ada &a*-a!a)a# ,aa a)a(

#"#a' &"(a/a )"l"*#a!$a((-a

2 A#a+ '*$ #$da) ada 9a!a la$( *"la$( &"(",a(/ '( ,""9@

? $)a #$da) ada 9a!a la$( *"la$( a!+* &"(",a(/ '(. &a)a 'a,!$) a!+* #"#a' &"&,"!$)a(

/a(#$ a'a -a(/ ,$*a d$,"!$)a( )"'ada &a*-a!a)a#. &$*al(-a d"(/a( &"la)+)a( '"(a(a& '(?'( )"&,al$

15

CHAPTER 4 rbo

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Transcript of CHAPTER 4 rbo