Chapter 4 Founded in the eighth century B.C., Rome was ruled by Etruscans and experienced a period...
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Founded in the eighth century B.C., Rome was ruled by Etruscans and experienced a period...
![Page 1: Chapter 4 Founded in the eighth century B.C., Rome was ruled by Etruscans and experienced a period of monarchy before the republic emerged.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042608/56649e6c5503460f94b6b275/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4
• Founded in the eighth century B.C., Rome was ruled by Etruscans and experienced a period of monarchy before the republic emerged.
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The Rise of Rome, 753-265 B.C.
• A Great City is Founded– Geography
• The Etruscan Influence
• The Roman Monarchy, ca. 753-509 B.C.– Overthrow of Etruscans
• Governing an Emerging Republic– Struggle of Orders– Governing the Republic
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The Rise of Rome, 753-265 B.C.
• Informal Governance: Patrons and Clients– Clients’ Role
• Dominating the Italian Peninsula– Italian Wars– Foreign Policy
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Chapter 4
• The Romans valued piety and moral seriousness and made the family the center of urban social life.
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Family Life and City Life
• A Pious, Practical People
• Loyalty to the Family– Marriage Patterns
• The Challenges of Childhood– Child-Rearing Practices
• Life in the City– Life in the Forum– Diet
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Chapter 4
• The success of Rome’s army eventually brought changes, positive and negative, to Roman Society.
• The Romans’ Victorious Army– Weapons and Discipline
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Expansion and Transformation, 265-133 B.C.
• Wars of the Mediterranean– First Punic War
– New Roman Navy
– Second Punic War
– Third Punic War
– Eastern Conquests
• An Influx of Slaves– Slave Occupations
– Slave Revolts
• Economic Disparity and Social Unrest– New Poverty
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Chapter 4
• Republican armies conquered some of the great Hellenistic cultural centers which brought an influx of Hellenistic ways to Rome.
– Resisting Change
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Hellenizing of the Republic
• Roman Engineering: Fusing Utility and Beauty– Engineering– Aqueducts
• Concrete: A New Building Material– Pantheon
• Latin Comedy and the Great Prose Writers, 240-44 B.C.– Cicero– Caesar’s Writings
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Chapter 4
• An economic downturn, which some leaders tried to prevent with reforms, led to a decay in the political life of the Roman republic, as political murder and dictatorship became common.
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The Twilight of the Republic, 133-44 B.C.
• The Reforms of the Gracchi, 133-123 B.C.– Tiberius’s Reforms– Gaius’s Reforms
• Populares vs. Optimates: The Eruption of Civil Wars, 123-46 B.C.– Marius– Sulla– First Triumvirate
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The Twilight of the Republic, 133-44 B.C.
• Julius Caesar, 100-44 B.C.– Civil War– Political Titles– Conspiracy– Caesar’s Murder
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Chapter 5
• After winning a violent civil war, Augustus came to power and transformed the Roman government into a new system, the principate, which itself was also transformed as succeeding emperors struggled to meet the challenges of governing of an empire.
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The Pax Romana, 27 B.C. – A.D. 192
• Augustus Takes Power– Civil War
• A New Form of Governing– The Principate– Governmental Structure– A.D.ministering an empire– Virgil’s Aeneid– Livy’s Historia
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The Pax Romana, 27 B.C. – A.D. 192
• Challenges to the Principate, A.D. 69-193– Augustus’s Successors– A New Dynasty– Provincial Defense
• A Vibrant, Far-Flung Empire– Colonies– Provincial Administration– Roads and Transportation– Imperial Diversity
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Chapter 5
• The wealth pouring in from the provinces brought new problems to Roman society, which Roman rulers tried to solve with laws and new civic activites.
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Life During the Peace of Rome
• A New Decadence
• The Problem with Population– Birthrates
• Sexual and Medical Misunderstandings– Galen
• The Games– From Forum to Arena– Gladiators
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Chapter 5
• With the end of the Roman peace, rulers like Diocletian and Constantine sought to resolve economic and political problems with reforms.
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Crisis and Transformation, A.D. 192 – ca. 400
• The Military Monarchy– Threats to Empire– Economic Recession– Inflation
• The Reforms of Diocletian, A.D. 284-305– Tetrarchy– Military Reforms– Economic Reforms
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Crisis and Transformation, A.D. 192 – ca. 400
• The Capital Moves East– Constantinople– Twilight of the Empire– Rome’s “Fall”
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Chapter 5
• Although religion continued to play an important role in Roman life, many suffered from a spiritual dissatisfaction, which led to the popularity of new philosophic and religious movements.
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The Longing for Religious Fulfillment
• Stoicism and Platonism– Neo-Platonism
• Mystery Cults– Cult of Dionysus– Cult of Isis
• The Four Faces of Judaism– Sadducess and Pharisees– Essenes– The Messiah
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The Longing for Religious Fulfillment
• The Jesus Movement– Jesus’ Ideas– Apostles– Paul of Tarsus– Destruction of the Temple– Dispersion of Jews
• Early Christian Communities
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Chapter 5
• Christians were misunderstood and even persecuted until Constantine’s support of Christianity transformed both the status of the religion and Christianity itself.
• Looking for Christian Scapegoats
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From Christian Persecution to the City of God, A.D. 64-410
• Constantine: The Tolerant Emperor– Constantine Supports Church
• The Empire Adopts Christianity– Christianity Changes– Christian Organization– Religious Disagreements– City of God
• The New Roman– Christian Sexuality
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Chapter 5
• Fleeing Christians sought refuge and spiritual fulfillment in asceticism and communal monasticism, while saints became an important part of the Christian faith.
– Flight to the Desert– Monastic Communities
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The Holy Life
• The Influence of Holy People– Saints’ Cults– Ascetic Influence
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Chapter 6
• The arrival of Germanic peoples transformed the Roman Empire and new kingdoms emerged, in which the church played an increasingly important role.
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The Making of the Western Kingdoms, ca. 376-750
• Life in a German Clan and Family– Roman Sources– Marriage Patterns
• Germanic Clothing and Food– Agriculture and Diet
• Heroic Society– Warrior Bands
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The Making of the Western Kingdoms, ca. 376-750
• Infiltrating the Roman Empire, 376-476– The Huns– Federate Treaties– Arian Christianity– Loss of Provinces
• Did Rome “Fall”?– Transformation not “Fall”– Germans Transformed
• The Growing Power of the Popes– Petrine Doctrine– Gregory the Great
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The Making of the Western Kingdoms, ca. 376-750
• Monasteries: Peaceful Havens– Benedict of Nursia– Irish Christianity– Conversion of Britian
• Rise and Fall of a Frankish Dynasty, ca. 485-750– Christian Merovingians– Decline of Merovingians
• Accomplishments and Destruction in Italy, ca. 490-750– Fostering Learning– Fall of Ostrogoths
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The Making of the Western Kingdoms, ca. 376-750
• The Visigoths in Spain, 418-711– Visigothic Weaknesses
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Chapter 6
• As the invasions of the Germanic peoples transformed the western part of the empire, the east distanced itself from the west, which led to its transformation into a distinct empire, now called Byzantium.
– A Separate Empire
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The Byzantine Empire, ca. 400-1000
• Justinian and Theodora, r. 527-565– Nika Riot– Rebuilding the City– Legal Codification– Reconquering the West
• Constantinople: The Vibrant City in the East– Lucrative Industries– Chariot Races
• Military Might and Diplomatic Dealings– Provincial Organization– The Army– Diplomacy
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The Byzantine Empire, ca. 400-1000
• Breaking Away from the West– Religious Controversy– Iconoclasm
• Converting the Slavs, 560-ca. 1000– Cyril and Methodius– Conversion of Russia– “Golden Age”
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Chapter 6
• The new religion preached by Muhammad spread quickly and led to the creation of an expanding empire in which Hellenistic learning was preserved as new cultural forms emerged.
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Islam, 600-1000
• The Prophet– The Qur’an
• The Religion– Faith– Public Rituals
• The Spread of Islam– Hijra– Battle of Tours– Reasons for Success
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Islam, 600-1000
• Creating an Islamic Unity– Unifying Elements
• The Gracious Life– Women– Daily Life
• Forces of Disunity– Shi’ite Muslims– Umayyad Caliphate– Abbasid Caliphate
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Islam, 600-1000
• Heirs to Hellenistic Learning– Medicine– Mathematics– Literature
• Islam and the West