Chapter 4 First Age of Chapter 4 First Age of EmpiresEmpires

1570 BC – 200 BC1570 BC – 200 BC

Egyptians & NubiansEgyptians & Nubians

► Nomadic Invaders Rule EgyptNomadic Invaders Rule Egypt Hyksos ruled Egypt from 1640 Hyksos ruled Egypt from 1640

to 1570 BCto 1570 BC► Had chariotsHad chariots

► Hebrews Migrate to EgyptHebrews Migrate to Egypt Arrived around 1650 BCArrived around 1650 BC

► Expulsion SlaveryExpulsion Slavery By 1600 BC, the Egyptians grew By 1600 BC, the Egyptians grew

strongstrong► Under Queen Ahhotep & Under Queen Ahhotep &

Pharaoh KamosPharaoh Kamos Drove Hyksos outDrove Hyksos out

The New Kingdom in EgyptThe New Kingdom in Egypt

► 1570-1075 BC1570-1075 BC Built an Built an empireempire:: control of control of

several peoples or states several peoples or states under one rulerunder one ruler

► Hatshepsut's Prosperous RuleHatshepsut's Prosperous Rule began rule in 1472 BCbegan rule in 1472 BC Encouraged trade instead of Encouraged trade instead of

warwar major trade expedition to Punt major trade expedition to Punt

(Somalia)(Somalia)► Thutmose the Empire BuilderThutmose the Empire Builder

Stepson-may have murdered Stepson-may have murdered HatshepsutHatshepsut

Thutmose III armies took Syria Thutmose III armies took Syria & n part of Euphrates& n part of Euphrates► Pushed into NubiaPushed into Nubia► Conquered an empireConquered an empire

no longer isolatedno longer isolated

The New KingdomThe New Kingdom

► Egyptians & HittitesEgyptians & Hittites Conflict over Syria & Conflict over Syria &

PalestinePalestine Battle at Kadesh-Battle at Kadesh-

1285 BC1285 BC Peace treatyPeace treaty

► became alliesbecame allies► Age of BuildersAge of Builders

Hidden tombs in Hidden tombs in desert cliffsdesert cliffs

Valley of Kings near Valley of Kings near ThebesThebes

Ramses built Ramses built monumental monumental statues/templesstatues/temples

tomb found in tomb found in 1995- 50 of his 52 1995- 50 of his 52 sons buried with sons buried with himhim

The Empire DeclinesThe Empire Declines

► Invasions by Invasions by “Sea People”-“Sea People”-12081208 Palestinian Palestinian

revolts & revolts & Libyan invadersLibyan invaders

► Empire FadesEmpire Fades never never

recovered recovered power/ prestigepower/ prestige

Libyans ruled- Libyans ruled- 950 to 730 BC950 to 730 BC► Adopted Adopted

Egyptian Egyptian cultureculture

Nubians did tooNubians did too

Kushites Conquer Kushites Conquer NileNile

► Egypt dominated Egypt dominated Nubia & Kush for Nubia & Kush for centuriescenturies

► Conquered EgyptConquered Egypt► Interaction of Interaction of

Nubia & EgyptNubia & Egypt Forced rule on Forced rule on

Nubia during New Nubia during New KingdomKingdom

Heavily influenced Heavily influenced NubiaNubia

Nubian princes lived Nubian princes lived in Egypt- adopted in Egypt- adopted their culturetheir culture

Regained Regained independence independence around 1200 BCEaround 1200 BCE

KushitesKushites

► Piankhi Captures Piankhi Captures Egypt-751 BCCEgypt-751 BCC overthrew Libyan overthrew Libyan

pharaohpharaoh United Nile River United Nile River

valleyvalley Began 25Began 25thth

dynasty of Egyptdynasty of Egypt►Erected Erected

monument in Kush monument in Kush to celebrateto celebrate

Assyrians Assyrians conquered Egypt- conquered Egypt- 671 BCE-ended 671 BCE-ended dynastydynasty

Golden Age of Golden Age of MeroëMeroë

► Kushite royal family Kushite royal family moved to Meroëmoved to Meroë

►Wealth of KushWealth of Kush Traded with Africa, Traded with Africa,

India, ArabiaIndia, Arabia Plentiful rainfall & iron Plentiful rainfall & iron

suppliessupplies► The Decline of MeroëThe Decline of Meroë

Declined around 250 Declined around 250 to 150 BCto 150 BC

Another city, Aksum, Another city, Aksum, dominated their tradedominated their trade

The AssyriansThe Assyrians

► Mighty Military MachineMighty Military Machine Learned to fight while defending Learned to fight while defending

their landtheir land Most feared/hated empire in regionMost feared/hated empire in region Foot soldiers, chariots, iron Foot soldiers, chariots, iron

weapons, cavalryweapons, cavalry► Treated People poorlyTreated People poorly

Burned cities, tortured/killed Burned cities, tortured/killed captives, heavy taxescaptives, heavy taxes

Deported entire populationsDeported entire populations One king, Sennacherib, claimed to One king, Sennacherib, claimed to

destroy 89 cities and 820 villagesdestroy 89 cities and 820 villages► Military Organization and ConquestMilitary Organization and Conquest

Nineveh the capitalNineveh the capital Start conquering 900 BCStart conquering 900 BC

► Well equipped with iron weaponsWell equipped with iron weapons Tiglath-pileser & Ashurbanipal led Tiglath-pileser & Ashurbanipal led

campaignscampaigns

The Assyrians The Assyrians

► Empire ExpandsEmpire Expands► Conquered Syria, Palestine, Conquered Syria, Palestine,

Babylonia, Anatolia, and EgyptBabylonia, Anatolia, and Egypt► Assyrian RuleAssyrian Rule

Peaked around 650 BCPeaked around 650 BC Royal RoadsRoyal Roads Divided empire into provinces w/ Divided empire into provinces w/

local rulerslocal rulers Well organized militaryWell organized military State of the art technologyState of the art technology

► Ruled through fear/terrorRuled through fear/terror Left markers so others wouldn’t Left markers so others wouldn’t

revoltrevolt Destroyed cities-exiled people who Destroyed cities-exiled people who

refused to pay tributerefused to pay tribute Burned cities, hung skin on walls, Burned cities, hung skin on walls,

piled skullspiled skulls Built large library at NinevehBuilt large library at Nineveh

Empire CrumblesEmpire Crumbles► Enemies formed alliance- Enemies formed alliance-

conquered Nineveh in 612 BCconquered Nineveh in 612 BC► Babylon reborn under Babylon reborn under

ChaldeansChaldeans► Started a revival for BabylonStarted a revival for Babylon

Built into a monumental cityBuilt into a monumental city► Reached height under King Reached height under King

Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562)Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562) Extended empireExtended empire Deported JewsDeported Jews Built Hanging GardensBuilt Hanging Gardens

► Loved astronomy & mapsLoved astronomy & maps► Poor harvest & slow trade hurt Poor harvest & slow trade hurt

themthem

The PersiansThe Persians► Rise of PersiaRise of Persia

Modern day IranModern day Iran► Cyrus I. was founderCyrus I. was founder► Conquered the Medes in 540sConquered the Medes in 540s

Swept down from mountains of Iran Swept down from mountains of Iran in 539 BCin 539 BC

Cyrus II conquered BabylonCyrus II conquered Babylon► Allowed Jews to return to homeland Allowed Jews to return to homeland

in 538 BCE-allowed to rebuild in 538 BCE-allowed to rebuild templetemple Eventually took over Mesopotamia, Eventually took over Mesopotamia,

Syria, Canaan, Phoenicia, Lydia, and Syria, Canaan, Phoenicia, Lydia, and Greek city-states of Asia Minor Greek city-states of Asia Minor (Ionia)(Ionia)

Tolerant to others culturesTolerant to others cultures Allowed to retain their own Allowed to retain their own

language, religions, and customslanguage, religions, and customs► Killed in battle on eastern borderKilled in battle on eastern border

Persian RulePersian Rule

► Cambyses and DariusCambyses and Darius Conquered Egypt in 525 BCConquered Egypt in 525 BC

► Ruled harshly, unlike his fatherRuled harshly, unlike his father► Died eight years later, revolts Died eight years later, revolts

eruptederupted Darius seized the throne with Darius seized the throne with

the help of the Ten Thousand the help of the Ten Thousand Immortals in 522 BCImmortals in 522 BC

Spent the next three years Spent the next three years putting down revoltsputting down revolts

Then began conquering Then began conquering AfghanistanAfghanistan

► Empire went from the Nile Empire went from the Nile to the Indus River, 3,000 to the Indus River, 3,000 miles with 50 million peoplemiles with 50 million people

Persian Rule Persian Rule • Divided it into provinces or Divided it into provinces or

satrapssatraps Military officials & tax Military officials & tax

collectors were “eyes & collectors were “eyes & ears” of kingears” of king

People paid People paid tribute & tribute & soldierssoldiers

Crushed rebellion quickly Crushed rebellion quickly Brought artisans from all Brought artisans from all

over empire to build over empire to build PersepolisPersepolis

Encouraged trade: used Encouraged trade: used coinscoins

Royal RoadRoyal Road- 1,677 miles - - 1,677 miles - stops every 14 miles with stops every 14 miles with food, water, horsesfood, water, horses

Messengers could travel in Messengers could travel in 7 days7 days

Persian Legacy: Persian Legacy: ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism

Before 500s BCE, Before 500s BCE, polytheisticpolytheistic

570 BCE, Zoroaster 570 BCE, Zoroaster reformed reformed religionreligion

Strict moral codeStrict moral code Struggle between good Struggle between good

& evil-human choice& evil-human choice Ahura Mazda: good, Ahura Mazda: good,

Ahriman: BadAhriman: Bad achings linked to achings linked to

glorifying kingsglorifying kings Pomp & pageantryPomp & pageantry Zoroaster influenced Zoroaster influenced

Judaism, Christianity, Judaism, Christianity, Islam: heaven, hell, Last Islam: heaven, hell, Last JudgmentJudgment

► Political OrderPolitical Order Tolerance & good govt. Tolerance & good govt.

brought order & brought order & stability to the regionstability to the region

Unification of ChinaUnification of China

► ConfuciusConfucius and the Social Order and the Social Order Born Kongfuzi in 551 BCBorn Kongfuzi in 551 BC

► Confucius Urges HarmonyConfucius Urges Harmony Good govt. & social harmony Good govt. & social harmony

achieved if people used ethicsachieved if people used ethics ReciprocityReciprocity

► Golden RuleGolden Rule► Five RelationshipsFive Relationships

For moral behaviorFor moral behavior Learn by exampleLearn by example Stressed Stressed filial pietyfilial piety

► Family a mini societyFamily a mini society After his death, 479 BC, work After his death, 479 BC, work

collected into The collected into The AnalectsAnalects► Confucian Ideas About Govt.Confucian Ideas About Govt.

Education could transform anyone Education could transform anyone into a gentlemaninto a gentleman

Laid the groundwork for Laid the groundwork for bureaucracybureaucracy► A trained civil serviceA trained civil service

LegalismLegalism

• Rejected ConfucianismRejected Confucianism Strict laws/harsh Strict laws/harsh

punishmentspunishments HanfeiziHanfeizi Humans evil by natureHumans evil by nature Favored by Qin EmperorFavored by Qin Emperor Helped unify ChinaHelped unify China Too harsh, never used Too harsh, never used

againagain

A. Confucius cont.A. Confucius cont.

► Harmony w/ natureHarmony w/ nature► 4. Taoist Ideas4. Taoist Ideas

Laozi, 500s BCLaozi, 500s BC Could be a Taoists and Could be a Taoists and

ConfucianistsConfucianists► Govt. vs. individualGovt. vs. individual

► 5. Yin and Yang5. Yin and Yang Two opposing forcesTwo opposing forces Yin: cool, dark, female, Yin: cool, dark, female,

submissivesubmissive Yang: warm, light, male, Yang: warm, light, male,

aggressiveaggressive Need balanceNeed balance

The Qin DynastyThe Qin Dynasty► Local lords revolted against the ZhouLocal lords revolted against the Zhou► 1. A New Emperor1. A New Emperor► By 221 BC, Qin wiped out the ZhouBy 221 BC, Qin wiped out the Zhou

Qin Shi HuangdiQin Shi Huangdi► United the area under a strong, central United the area under a strong, central

govt.govt. Attacked invaders north of the Huang He Attacked invaders north of the Huang He

and pushed as far south as Vietnamand pushed as far south as Vietnam 36 Military districts, standardized coins, 36 Military districts, standardized coins,

laws, and writinglaws, and writing Commanded all nobles live in his capitalCommanded all nobles live in his capital

► Uprooted 120,000 familiesUprooted 120,000 families Forced labor for roads and canalsForced labor for roads and canals Legalists murdered hundreds of Confucian Legalists murdered hundreds of Confucian

scholars to prevent criticismscholars to prevent criticism► Burned useless booksBurned useless books

B. The Qin cont.B. The Qin cont.► 2. A Program of Centralization2. A Program of Centralization

Built a network of 4,000 miles of Built a network of 4,000 miles of roadsroads► Trade boomedTrade boomed

Set standards throughout China for Set standards throughout China for writing, law, currency, and weights writing, law, currency, and weights and measuresand measures

► 3. Great Wall of China3. Great Wall of China 300,000 troops worked to build the 300,000 troops worked to build the

4,000 mile wall4,000 mile wall Keep Mongolians outKeep Mongolians out Thousands diedThousands died

► 4. The Fall of the Qin4. The Fall of the Qin Cruel tyrantCruel tyrant 210 BC, Qin died, so did the dynasty210 BC, Qin died, so did the dynasty Peasants rebelled against the sonPeasants rebelled against the son By 202 BC, the Han Dynasty By 202 BC, the Han Dynasty

replaced the Qinreplaced the Qin