Chapter 4 Conservation Element - Kern County, CA · PDF fileChapter 4. Conservation Element...

Kern CountyOctober 2003 4-1 Mojave Specific Plan

Chapter 4 Conservation Element

4.1 Purpose, Scope and Content

The Conservation Element addresses the conservation and management of the manynatural resources that enhance the greater Mojave area: water, air quality, sensitivespecies and habitats, desert landscapes and ecosystems, and mineral resources.Goals and polices work to protect these resources for the benefit of future generations.

4.2 Overview of Baseline (2001) Conditions

Water Supply

Water service to the Mojave community is provided by the Mojave Public Utility District(MPUD) through seven operating wells. The MPUD service area boundaries are shownon Figure 4-1. Water lines are located predominantly within Central Mojave and westof the railroad.

Mojave is located in the South Lahontan Hydrologic Region, which includes three majorsurface water systems (Mono Lake, Owens River, and Mojave River watersheds) anda number of separate closed groundwater basins. Groundwater accounts for 75percent of the water provided by the MPUD and is pumped from the Chaffee andProctor sub-units, which are part of the Antelope Valley groundwater basin. Thesubunits of this basin contain extensive alluvial deposits that serve as useful aquifers.The major source of recharge to the Antelope Valley groundwater basin is surface waterrunoff from the surrounding mountains. Inflow to the Chaffee subunit is from CacheCreek and adjacent alluvial fans to the west. Depth to water ranges from 50 to 300 feet.The Mojave Specific Plan Final Environmental Impact Report identified 989,775 acre-feet of usable groundwater from this subunit.

Water production from the wells averages between 450 to 550 million gallons (or 1,380to 1,687 acre-feet) per year. While the wells are not used at full capacity during thewinter, the summer months place increased demands on water sources. Constructionactivities also increase demand for water, particularly in the hot summer months.Estimated availability of water from existing wells is approximately 800 to 900 milliongallons (or 2,453 to 2,760 acre-feet) per year.

MPUD determines water availability whenever any new development is proposed inMojave within their service area. An infrastructure master plan was developed in 2002to improve service and meet future water and sewer demands.

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Figure 4-1Mojave PUD 2003 Service Area

Kern CountyMojave Specific Plan

Planning Area Boundary

Potential Annexation Area

MPUD Service Area (2003)

Source: Boyle Engineering, 2003.

October 2003

Public Land Survey Boundary

Major Roads

Aqueduct

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Chapter 4. Conservation Element


The remaining 25 percent of the water supplied by MPUD is imported surface water.This water is allocated from the Antelope Valley-East Kern (AVEK) Water Agency, aregional water wholesaler whose region encompasses 2,300 square miles and includesnorthern Los Angeles County, eastern Kern County, and a small portion of VenturaCounty. AVEK contracts with the California State Water Project (SWP), one of thelargest water and power projects in the world. AVEK has the third largest entitlementfrom the SWP, with 138,400 acre-feet of water annually. However, AVEK does notreceive the full entitlement and on average is allocated two-thirds (approximately 92,000acre-feet) of the entitlement per year.

Water Quality

The quality of water is extremely important to determine the amount that is usable fordomestic service. Groundwater within the Chaffee subunit is moderately mineralized.While past studies have not identified particular water quality problems within thissubunit, dissolved solids are present in the northern part. Groundwater from alluvial fandeposits contains higher fluoride concentrations than water in the central part of thesubunit. Thus, efforts are needed to improve water quality through pollution prevention.

Desert Landscapes and Wildlife

The undeveloped portions of the Specific Plan area contain extensive tracts of nativedesert vegetation and associated habitats. Native vegetation formations roughly followa terrain- and soil-dependent gradient across the planning area from west to east.Joshua tree woodland habitats dominate the western margins, while chenopod (desertsaltbush, shadscale, mixed saltbrush, desert sink scrub) and creosote bush (Larreatridentata) scrub formations are dominant in the eastern portion.

Wildlife within the planning area includes invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles(including at least a dozen native snakes and the desert tortoise [Xerobates agassizii]),a variety of migrant and local bird species, and mammals, including the coyote (CanisLatrans), California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi), Mohave ground squirrel(Spermophilus mohavensis), and several bat species. Sensitive species are rankedformally (State or Federal Threatened and Endangered Species) and informally(California Department of Fish and Game "Special" species). Table 4-1 lists sensitivespecies identified and their ranking as potentially present within the Specific Plan area.

Mineral Resources

Mojave lies within the Mojave Mining District, as designated by the California GeologicalSurvey. The Mojave District historically yielded principally gold and silver, althoughfeldspar, silica, clay, and volcanic rock also have been mined, and uranium, copper,lead and antimony are known to be present.

A clay deposit located in the northwest portion of the Specific Plan area boundary isdesignated Mineral and Petroleum (Map Code 8.4) to protect this resource for potentialfuture extraction. Established gravel pits are designated as Light Industrial.


Kern CountyMojave Specific Plan 4-4 October 2003

Table 4-1Sensitive Species Potentially Present

Listed Threatened or Endangered Species (Federal or State)1

Reptiles Mammals Birds Plants

Desert tortoise(Xerobates agassizii)Rank: FT, ST, FSS,CDFG Protected.

Mohave groundsquirrel(Spermophilusmohavensis)Rank: ST

Swainson's hawk(Buteo swainsoni)Rank: ST

Mojave tarplant(Hemizonia(=Deinandra)mohavensis)Rank: ST

Special Species2

Reptiles Mammals Birds Plants

Rosy boa(Lichanura trivirgata, allsubspecies)

Insectivorousbats*

American badger(Taxidea taxusberlandieri)

Cooper's hawk(Accipiter cooperii)

Long-eared owl(Asio otus)

Westernburrowing owl(Athene cuniculariahypugea)

Loggerhead shrike(Lanius l.ludovicianus)

LeConte's thrasher(Toxostomalecontei)

Bendire's thrasher(Toxostomabendirei)

Alkali mariposalily(Calochortusstriatus)

Desert cymopterus(Cymopterusdeserticola)

Pygmy poppy(Canbya candida)

Mojavespineflower(Chorizanthespinosa)

Sagebrushloeflingia(Loeflingiasquarrosa v.artemisiarum)

1 Threatened or Endangered Species: Sensitive species which are ranked as Threatened or Endangered and are listed with theU. S. Fish and Wildlife Service USF&WS), and the California Department of Fish & Game (CDF&G). These species are protected under the Federal Endangered Species Act (1973), the California Endangered Species Act (1984), and the Native PlantProtection Act (1977). 2 Special Species: Sensitive Species for which there is no formal protection with the USF&WS and CDF&G. However, thesespecies are listed in the California Natural Diversity Database. For more information on special status species, see the USF&WSwebsite: http://species.fws.gov; and the CDF&G website: http://www.dfg.ca.gov/hcpb/species. * Insectivorous bats: see EIR



Air Quality

The Mojave Desert is separated from populated valleys and coastal areas to the westby several mountain ranges. Surrounding mountain ranges contain a limited numberof passes that serve as “transport corridors” for air pollutants. These passes includethe Tehachapi Pass, connecting the San Joaquin Valley to the Mojave Desert, andSoledad and Cajon Passes connecting the South Coast Air Basin to the Mojave Desert.Air quality in the region is influenced primarily by the Tehachapi Pass corridor, withsome influence through Soledad Canyon.

The federal and State governments have developed health-based ambient air qualitystandards for the following six pollutants: sulfur dioxide (SO2), lead (Pb), carbonmonoxide (CO), fine particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3).The standards have been designed to protect the most sensitive persons from illnessor discomfort with a margin of safety. The California standards are more stringent thanfederal standards, and in the case of PM10 and sulfur dioxide, far more stringent.

The agency responsible for monitoring air quality and attaining federal and Statestandards in the Mojave Desert Air Basin is the Kern County Air Pollution ControlDistrict (KCAPCD). The southeast portion of Kern County has been designated a non-attainment area for the State standards for ozone. To address this condition, theKCAPCD has developed a Federal Ozone Attainment Demonstration and a State AirQuality Management Plan. These reports demonstrated how the KCAPCD would attainand maintain the federal and State ozone standards. Additionally, the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently (May 2001) designated Eastern KernCounty as a separate ozone planning area. Monitoring data for Eastern Kern Countynow demonstrates that this new ozone planning area is in attainment for the National1-hour standard for ozone (this redesignation of “attainment” has not been formallygranted as of the date of adoption of this Specific Plan). Monitoring data has alsoshown the entire District (including Indian Wells Valley) to be in attainment for theFederal standard for PM10. A PM10 Attainment Demonstration Plan and RedesignationRequest is being processed by the District. Monitoring for ozone, PM10, PM 2.5, andother pollutants has been conducted since 2001 and is still ongoing.

Ozone is not a directly emitted pollutant. It is formed by the reaction of Nitrous Oxidesand Reactive Organic Gasses in the presence of sunlight. Thus, the control of ozonedepends on the control of these gaseous precursors. Both the State Air QualityAttainment Plan and the Federal Attainment Demonstration reports prepared by theKCAPCD stated that, due to predominant wind flows in the area, ozone from the SanJoaquin Valley Air Basin and the South Coast Air Basin travels into the Mojave DesertAir Basin, and these “foreign” transported sources are largely responsible for the area’sozone levels. KCAPCD continues to work with regional agencies within Kern Countyto reduce those pollutants that contribute to ozone formation.



Table 4-2Kern County Air Pollution Control District

Attainment Status

Pollutant Federal Standards (EPADesignation)

State Standards(CARB Designation)

Ozone (O3) Nonattainment (Serious) Nonattainment (Moderate)

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Attainment Attainment

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Unclassified* (Attainment) Unclassified* (Attainment)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Unclassified* (Attainment) Unclassified* (Attainment)

Fine Particulate Matter(PM10)

Indian Wells Valley

Remainder of District

Attainment/Maintenance(previously moderate

nonattainment)

Unclassified*

Nonattainment

Nonattainment

Lead (Pb) Attainment Attainment

Fine Particulate Matter(PM2.5)

Attainment Attainment

Sulfate Not Applicable Attainment

Hydrogen Sulfide Not Applicable Unclassified*

Visibility Not Applicable Unclassified*

EPA = Environmental Protection Agency; CARB = California Air Resources Board*Levels low enough not to monitor. Unclassified is equivalent to attainment. Source: Kern County Air Pollution Control District, October 2001

4.3 Planning Issues

The availability of water directly influences land use decisions and bears upon thedevelopment/population limits set forth in the Specific Plan. Given the uncertain futureof State Water Project water supplies, the possibility of receiving only a percentage offuture annual water orders from AVEK is very likely.

The Antelope Valley Basin currently is a non-adjudicated groundwater basin, whichmeans only self-imposed limits apply to the amount of groundwater that public utilitydistricts, municipal districts, and individual landowners can extract. While MPUD is theonly district that uses the Chaffee and Proctor subunits, future development outside ofthe Mojave area may create additional users of these subunits. It is therefore importantto coordinate with MPUD, the South Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board,and water rights owners regarding the usage of the Chaffee and Proctor subunits.



Local groundwater provides approximately 75 percent of the needed supply, with theremaining 25 percent supplied by AVEK via the State Water Project. According toMPUD and AVEK officials, estimated available supplies will be able to meet thedemands of development through the 2020 Planning Horizon (approximately 5,600households).

Due to the dependence on groundwater sources, the plan encourages and supportsfuture water planning, including the development of an urban water management planby the MPUD. The plan supports development of future sources of additional surfaceand groundwater, including recycled water, conjunctive use, and additional storage ofsurface water.

Monitoring water quality is important to ensure that current and future residents andbusiness persons are supplied with high quality water. Measures must be pursued toreduce historically high levels of dissolved solids and fluoride. The County will supportthe Regional Water Quality Board in working to achieve water quality improvements inthe Basin.

Energy conservation is important because the sources used to generate electric powerare often nonrenewable resources, such as natural gas. Energy requirements andpollutants resulting from energy production can be reduced through architectural design,building construction, and landscaping. Southern California Edison and The GasCompany have many conservation programs available to address all forms ofconsumption.

The Mojave Desert contains a rich diversity of biological resources important to theregion. Within the Plan area, extensive areas are designated Resource Reserve and/orResource Management. Development options that are compatible with open space andundisturbed habitat areas can work to protect these resources, such as the use of theClustering (CL) District. Fragmentation of large habitats into smaller or isolatedsegments has been demonstrated to reduce natural biological diversity, eliminatedisturbance-sensitive species, restrict genetic flow between metapopulations, and leadto localized extinctions. To help preserve the vegetative and wildlife diversity in theMojave Specific Plan area, the County will implement a variety of land use tools to keepdevelopment focused in urbanized areas.

Certain portions of the Specific Plan area, such as Central Mojave and areas impactedby freeway construction and use, have previously been disturbed by human activity andhave little biological value. However, some outlying areas do have the potential for theoccurrence of threatened, endangered, and sensitive species.

The designated Mineral and Petroleum areas identify known extractive resources forpotential future use and alert surrounding property owners of the possible miningactivities. This planning approach allows appropriate land use designations to beestablished as needed to ensure compatibility between adjacent uses.

Mineral resources are an important commodity, and the loss of these resources hasbecome a State-wide concern. At the same time, the extraction and management of



these resources needs to be conducted in a manner that does not harm nearbysensitive land uses.

The southeast portion of Kern County is presently classified as a non-attainment areafor ozone; and therefore, all development will be required to implement measures tohelp reduce pollutant emissions. Once the new ozone redesignation to “attainment” isgranted by the federal EPA, development will still be required to implement pollutantcontrols to maintain this status and maintain the status of other criteria (affected) airpollutants. Although the high ozone levels largely are attributed to transportedpollutants blowing in from adjacent air basins, particulate emissions are locallygenerated.

4.4 Conservation Element Goals

The key goal of the Conservation Element is to ensure a healthy environment andcommunity. To achieve this goal, this Plan sets forth policies that will encourageresponsible water use, encourage conservation of energy resources, maintain andpromote the retention of important desert habitat, protect economically importantmineral resources for future extraction, and improve air quality.

The following element goals will guide the conservation and management of naturalresources:

‚ Ensure an adequate water supply for existing users and planned growth.‚ Protect local groundwater quality.‚ Encourage energy conservation.‚ Promote conservation of vegetation and wildlife.‚ Designate and control mineral extraction areas.‚ Promote improvement of air quality.

4.5 Conservation Objectives and Policies

The following objectives and policies demonstrate the County’s commitment toconserving and managing natural resources. These objectives and policies will beaccomplished through timely completion of specified implementation actions associatedwith each policy, which are fully detailed in Chapter 10.

‚ Element Goal: Ensure an adequate water supply for existing users and plannedgrowth.

Objective 4.1: Provide sufficient water to meet the existing and projectedneeds of the community, while emphasizing conservation goals.

Policy4.1.1(K-2, K-4)

Require amendments to the Plan to show that sufficient water, includingfire flow, exists to serve the proposed project(s) without impacting serviceto existing uses or resulting in long-term decline and overdraft ofgroundwater sources.



Policy4.1.2(K-4)

Encourage the Mojave Public Utilities District to notify all new residential,commercial, and industrial development of water conservation andrecycling measures implemented by the District.

Policy4.1.3(K-2)

Coordinate with the Mojave Public Utilities District to implement its watermaster plan that addresses new infrastructure, as well as improvementsand upgrades to the existing water system.

Policy4.1.4(K-2)

Require compliance for development projects with the requirements of theCalifornia Water Code Section 10910 regarding water supply .

Policy4.1.5(K-2)

Require urban development that implements the plan to be served by theMojave Public Utilities District or a community or public water system.

Policy4.1.6(K-2)

New high consumptive water uses, such as lakes and golf courses, willrequire evidence of additional verified sources of water other than localgroundwater. Other sources may include recycled stormwater orwastewater.

‚ Element Goal: Protect local groundwater quality.

Objective 4.2: Maintain groundwater quality to allow local resources to meetlocal needs.

Policy4.2.1(K-3, K-4)

Support regional efforts by the South Lahontan Regional Water QualityControl Board to improve and protect water quality. Promote compliancewith the measures contained in the California Water Code and otherrequirements.

Policy4.2.2(K-1,K-3,K-4, K-7)

If required, new development projects shall implement Best ManagementPractices (BMPs) under the National Pollution Discharge EliminationSystem (NPDES) permit. These practices are designed to reducepollution runoff during construction of new projects and rehabilitationprojects. Investigate and implement methods as appropriate over time toaddress the control of pollutants in stormwater runoff from developmentsites, and to encourage the recycling of runoff for groundwater rechargeand similar beneficial purposes.

Policy4.2.3(M-5, M-6)

Require industrial and commercial businesses to comply with the CountyHazardous Waste Management Plan (CHWMP).



Policy4.2.4(K-1, K-3)

Prohibit use of septic systems in areas where soils have been determinedto be unsuitable for such systems.

Policy4.2.5(K-3, K 4)

Urban development is defined as residential lots less than one-half (1/2)acre, and industrial and commercial uses regardless of size.

Policy4.2.6(K -6)

Urban development shall be served by a public sewage system or aprivate centralized sewage system, unless waived by the Kern CountyEnvironmental Health Services Department.

‚ Element Goal: Encourage energy conservation.

Objective 4.3: Encourage conservation of energy resources.

Policy4.3.1(N-3)

Promote energy conservation measures contained in Title 24 of theCalifornia Code of Regulations.

Policy4.3.2(N-3, L-1)

Promote a logical extension of development to utilize existinginfrastructure.

Policy4.3.3(N-3)

Encourage energy conservation in both the private and public sectors bypromoting utility company incentive programs for both new developmentand retrofitting of existing structures.

‚ Element Goal: Promote conservation of vegetation and wildlife.

Objective 4.4: Maintain and promote the retention of natural settings and useof native or adaptable vegetation.

Policy4.4.1(C-1, E-1)

Utilize the Resource Reserve (8.2) and Resource Management (8.5) MapCodes (as defined in Table 3-2), as well as the Cluster (CL) CombiningDistrict, to reduce the impact of development on important ecological andbiological resources.

Policy4.4.2(C-6)

Develop active open space uses in an ecologically sensitive manner.

Policy4.4.3(C-6, E-1)

For development projects that are located outside the identified urbanizednonsensitive area (Figure 4-2) for biological resources, a biological surveyshall be conducted. Alternatively, a project applicant may demonstrateurbanized, nonsensitive status through the identification of applicablestudies.



Policy4.4.4(C-6)

Encourage the preservation of Joshua trees, Joshua tree woodlands,known wildflower displays or other biologically sensitive flora determinedduring biological surveys.

Objective 4.5: Conserve known areas of mineral resources by limiting en-croachment of incompatible urban uses.

Policy4.5.1(M-6)

Require mining activities to comply with California Surface Mining andReclamation Act (SMARA) requirements.

Policy4.5.2 (M-6)

Require buffering between mining and adjacent residential uses.

Objective 4.6: Promote the improvement of air quality and the maintenance ofState and federal air quality standards in the Mojave area.

Policy4.6.1(N-1)

Cooperate with the Kern County Air Pollution Control District to implementthe Air Quality Attainment Plan.

Policy4.6.2(N-4, N-6)

Continue to enforce the Kern County grading ordinance throughEngineering and Survey Services (ESS), along with dust control and otherrules and measures through the Air Pollution Control District to mitigateair quality effects during the construction of new development.

Policy4.6.3(N-2,N-3, N-5)

Encourage development designs that promote energy conservation andthat minimize the direct and indirect emissions of air contaminants.

Policy4.6.4(F-8)

Bicycle lanes shall be developed along with other County improvementsto encourage alternative methods of transportation.

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Figure 4-2"Urbanized, Non-Sensitive" Area

Kern CountyMojave Specific Plan

Areas where a Biological Survey is not required (developed, previouslysurveyed, or mitigated areas)

Sources: KernCOG, County of Kern, 2002.

October 2003

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The area identified as urbanized, non-sensitive is an estimate of the extent of previous biological surveys, developed areas, and areas previously mitigated forsensitive species, based on available data. Project applicants outside the designated area may also demonstrate urbanized, non-sensitive status through the identification of applicable studies.

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