Chapter 4 : Chemical Composition in a Cell

Name : _____________________________ Chapter 4 Chemical Composition of the cell __________________________________________________________________________________________

WORKSHEET 4.2 : The Chemical Compound in the cell

Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

1.

2. Organic compounds contain the element ______________. For example _________,

_________, __________ and nucleic acids.

3. Inorganic compounds usually do not contain carbon atoms. For example ___________

[7 Marks]

The Importance Of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds Importance

Protein

Made up of the ___, ___, ___ and ___

elements, most protein also contain S

and P.

15% of protoplasm is made up of

protein.

Build new cells for ____________ and

renew damaged tissues.

Required in the synthesis of ___________,

antibodies and hormones.

Organic compounds Importance

Carbohydrates

Contain __, ___ and ___ .

The ratio of atom H to O is ______

Store in plant as _____________

Cellulose forms the _________ of plant cell.

____

Lipid

Protein

Water

Organic

Inorganic

Carbohydr

ates

The chemical compound in

the cell

Score __ /__ ____


A primary source of ____________

Store as ____________ in human and

animals cell.

Lipids

Contain ___, ____ and ___

Examples : fats, oil, waxes,

phospholipids and steroids

Act as a solvent for fat-soluble vitamin such

as A, ___, ___, ___

___________ a major constituent of the

plasma membrane

_____ prevent water loss in plants and

infection by pathogens.

Nucleic acids

___________ is a building block of

nucleic acids.

The structure of a nucleotide

Two types of nucleic acid:

a) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

b) ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Store genetic material in the form of a code.

Nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base,

pentose sugar and a phosphate group.

DNA

A _____________ polynucleotide

(double helix)

Found in _________, __________ and

____________

The genetic information is passed from the

parent to the offspring

RNA

A ______________ of polynucleotide

Found in _______________,

_____________ and _____________

Copies the information carried by DNA for

use in protein synthesis

[31 Marks]

Phosphate group

Pentose

group

Nitrogenous group


CHAPTER 4 : CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

WORKSHEET 4.3 The importance of water in the cell

[10 Marks]

Score __ /__

____

SOLVENT

- Water is the universal _________

of many biological molecules

because of the polarity its

molecules

Moisture

- Water provides ___________ to

the respiratory surface (alveolus)

- This enables respiratory gases to

dissolve in them before

____________ across the

respiratory surface can occur.

MAINTAINING OSMOTIC BALANCE AND TUGIDITY

- Water maintains the __________

balance between blood and

interstitial fluid

- In plants, the cell sap in the

vacuole contain water. The cell

becomes turgid and this

_________ provides support to

plants.

LUBRICATION

- _________ assists the

movement of food substances in

the intestinal tract.

- Synovial fluid lubricates the joint

to ease the movements at the

joints.

MAINTAINING BODY TEMPERATURE

- Keep relatively constant body __________

for optimal enzymatic activities.

MEDIUM FOR BIOCHEMICAL REACTION

- Water acts as ____________for

biochemical reaction.

TRANSPORT MEDIUM

- transport sugar,

________________ and

respiratory gases.

- Remove waste products from

body such urea through urine and

sweat.


CARBOHYDRATES

WORKSHEET 4.4 : Types of Carbohydrates


Types Examples Characteristics

Monosaccharides

Glucose

(plants and fruits)

Fructose

(Sweet fruits and honey)

Galactose

(________________)

Taste ________

Water soluble

______________

Simplest carbohydrates

Able to crystallize

Disaccharides

Maltose

(Malt sugar)

Sucrose

(Cane sugar)

Lactose ( ___________)

Taste _______

Water soluble

Reducing sugar except _______

Able to crystallize

Polysaccharides

Starch (plant)

___________

(animal)

Cellulose (cell wall in plant)

Do not taste sweet

________ in water

Do not crystallize

[7 Marks]

Score __ /__ ____


CARBOHYDRATES WORKSHEET 4.5 : Formation and Breakdown of Disaccharides and Polysaccharides


MONOSACCHARIDES

DISACCHARIDE

POLYSACCHARIDE

A ___________ of

carbohydrates

Examples:

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Formed when two monomer

are joined together by

________________ reaction.

During this process, a

molecule of ___________ is

removed.

Can be broken down into

monosaccharide by

__________________.

The addition of water is

needed.

Examples:

Maltose (Glucose + glucose)

Sucrose (Glucose + fructose)

Lactose (Glucose + galactose)

A polymer formed by

____________ with

hundreds or thousand

glucose monomers

Examples:

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Polysaccharides can

be ___________ into

smaller molecules

through hydrolysis by

adding dilute acids,

boiling and enzymatic

reaction.

[6 Marks]

CARBOHYDRATES

Consist of

Score __ /__

____


PROTEINS WORKSHEET 4.6 : The elements in protein

1. Protein are organic molecules which made up of the elements ____________,

___________, __________ and hydrogen. Some protein also contain sulphur and

phosphorus.

2. Protein are made up of monomer called __________________.

3. There are 20 types of amino acids in living cells. It can be divided into two groups the

_____________ amino acids and the _______________ amino acids.

[9 Marks]

_________ be synthesized

by the body.

Can be ________ from diet

Animal protein contain all

the essential amino acids.

They are called first class

proteins

Plant proteins do not

contain all essential amino

acids. They are called

second class protein.

Can be _____________ by

the body.

They are derived from other

amino acids.

There are 11 non-essential

amino acids.

Example: Glycine, Alanine

and Serine

A M I N O A C I D

Essential

Non-essential

Score __ /__

____


4. Complete the graphic organizer below. [4 Marks]

PROTEIN

Primary

Quaternary

Tertiary

Amino acid

Type


PROTEINS

WORKSHEET 4.7 : Structure of Proteins

1. One or more of polypeptides chains in a linear sequence or coiled can form

_____________ molecules.

2. There are 4 levels of structure in proteins, depending on the sequences of __________

and the coil of the _________________ chains.

Level of protein Structures

Information Figure

Primary structure

A _______ sequence of amino acids in a

polypeptide chains

Secondary

structure

Polypeptide chains that is coiled to form

________________ or folded

Into ___________________

Tertiary structure

It refers to the way the helix chain or beta-

pleated sheets are folded into three-

dimensional shape of a ______________.

Quaternary

structure

It refers to the combination of two or more

tertiary structure polypeptide chains to

form one large and _________________

protein molecule, e.g : haemoglobin

Score __ /__

____

[5 marks]


PROTEINS

WORKSHEET 4.8 : Formation and break down of dipeptides and polypeptides

1. When two amino acid molecules are joined together by a peptide bond through

condensation, a ______________ is formed.

2. A water molecules is removed during the _________________ reaction.

3. + + water

4. Further condensation reactions can link more amino acids to form a

_________________________ (more than 50 molecules of amino acids).

5. A dipeptide and polypeptide can be broken down into amino acids by means of

_______________________.

[6 Marks]

Amino acids Peptide bond

hydrolysis

Polypeptide +

Score __ /__

____


PROTEINS

LIPIDS

WORKSHEET 4.9 : The Element in Lipids

Fill in the blanks with correct answer.

1. Lipids are organic compounds consist of ____________, ___________________ and

_________________ like carbohydrates.

2. However, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in one molecule of lipid is much

higher than the 2 : 1 ratio in carbohydrates. (olive oil : C57H104O6).

3. Generally, lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in __________________

[4 marks]

The main types of lipids

Complete the graphic organizer below:

[5 marks]

L

I

P

I

D

S

Oil

Phospholipids

Found on the _______ of epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds and seeds and also in sebum

Important component in the formation of

__________________

Complex organic compounds which include chlolestrol and hormones (testosterone, estrogen and

progesterone)

Score __ /__ ____


LIPIDS

WORKSHEET 4.10 : The Components of Fats and Oils

Fill in the blanks with correct answer.

1. Lipids which are solids at room temperature are called _____________________

2. Lipids which are liquid at room temperature are called ________________________

3. Each molecules of fat and oil consists of one molecule of _____________________ and

three molecules of _____________________

4. Fats and oils are called ____________________ because they are formed from three

molecules of _______________________________

[6 marks]

The formation and break down of fats and oils

+ + water

[2 marks]

Complete the table below :

Comparison between Saturated fats and Unsaturated fat

Saturated fats Characteristics Unsaturated fat

______________have any

double bonds between the

carbon atom.

Types of bond

____________ double

bond between carbon atom.

_____________________

Condition at room

temperature

___________________

Contain cholesterol

Cholesterol level

Usually __________

contain cholesterol

______________ fats like

butter

Examples

Vegetable oil like corn oil

and palm oil

[6 marks]

One

molecule of

glycerol

3 molecules

of fatty acids

One

molecule of

triglyceride

Score __ /__

____


ENZYMES

WORKSHEET 4.11 : The Role of Enzymes in Organisms

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.

Why are enzymes needed in life processes?

3. Many biochemical processes occur in a cell simultaneously at all times in a series of

linked reactions.

4. Collectively, these biochemical reactions are called __________________.

5. Enzymes are ________________ which can speed up biochemical reaction in the cell

without themselves being changed at the end of the process.

6. Enzymes are synthesized by living organism to ______________ and speed up

biochemical reaction in the cells.

[5 marks]

Metabolism

Metabolic reaction that

_________ complex

molecules

Metabolic reaction that

______ down complex

molecules

Anabolism Anabolism

Score __ /__

____


ENZYMES

WORKSHEET 4.12 : General Characteristic of Enzymes

Complete the blanks with the suitable answers.

[9 marks]

C

H A

R A C

T E

R I S

T I

C

O

F

E N Z

Y M E

S

Specific

Biological catalyst

Sensitive to

T_________

Sensitive to ____

___________ concentration Affected

by

Needed in

small amounts

___________ concentration

The _________ temperature is the

temperature at which an enzyme

catalyses a reaction at the maximum

rate (37oC).

At high temperature, the enzyme will ________________________

The ____________ is the pH at which the rate of reaction is at maximum.

____________ the rate of

chemical reaction

Remain _____________ at

the end of the reaction.

Score __ /__

____

4.12/1


ENZYMES

WORKSHEET 4.13 : The mechanism of enzyme action (Lock and key hypothesis)

Fill in the blanks with the correct answer

enzyme-substrate complex

[6 marks]

Enzyme has an __________________

The active site has a fixed shape that

___________________ to its substrate.

That is why enzymes are highly

____________

The substrate molecule binds to the

active site to form an

_____________________________

Enzyme catalyses the substrate to form

______________________________.

The enzyme molecule now is free to

_______________ to more substrate.

The hypothesis for enzyme reaction

is called ‘lock and key’ hypothesis.

Active site

Score __ /__

____

Chapter 4 : Chemical Composition in a Cell

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