Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Image from: acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm.
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Image from: acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm.
Chapter 4Cell Structure and Function
Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
CELL THEORY1. All living things are made of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and
function in living things.
3. Cells come from the reproduction of
existing cells.
(CELL= the basic unit of life)
WHICH IS BIGGER?
_________ > _____________ > ___________Plant cell Animal cell bacteria
Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES
_______ ___________ ___________ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES
1. All living things are made of _____________.2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism
(= basic unit of __________)3. Cells come from the reproduction of ___________________ cells
CELL THEORY CELL SIZE
___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________
CELL MEMBRANE(also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS
LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC
HYDROPHOBIC
Oil and water don’t mix!
Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif
CELL MEMBRANE
Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________(either inside or outside of cell)
Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________(can go part way in or all the way through)
PERIPHERAL
INTEGRAL
Recognize “self”
GLYCOPROTEINS
GLYCOPROTEINS are INTEGRAL PROTEINS
WHAT DOES IT DO?
• Controls what enters and leaves cell
Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE(semi-permeable)
CELL MEMBRANE Made of __________________ and ______________
HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as a LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ and NON-POLAR tails facing ________ Proteins attached to inside or outside surface = ______________
Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________ (can go part way in or all the way through)
OTHER MOLECULES:GLYCOPROTEINS (with sugars) attached that
“recognize self” are ________________ PROTEINS STEROIDS (lipids)
CYTOPLASM (cytosol + organelles)
ORGANELLE-small structure with a specific function (job)
CYTOSOL – gel-like goo
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html
Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm
NUCLEUS
Largest organelle
in animal cells
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
NUCLEUS
Surrounded by DOUBLE bilayer membrane
= NUCLEAR ENVELOPE(nuclear membrane)
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF
NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES
Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus
Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
WHAT DOES IT DO?
•Contains genetic material (DNA)
DNA is spread out as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells
DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
WHAT DOES IT DO?
• Control center of cell
Image from:
Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do
Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
NUCLEOLUS
Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS
• Makes RNA for ribosomes
Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg
NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUSSurrounded by _____________ bilayer MEMBRANE (called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE) CONTROL CENTER OF CELLCONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells.DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells.
CYTOSKELETON• Gives cell shape & support
• Help move organelles around
Made of PROTEINS called
MICROFILAMENTS
& MICROTUBULES
Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm
CYTOSKELETON
MITOCHONDRIA (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
• Looks like “little sausages”
Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/mitochondrion2.gif
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe
Has its own DNA
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Burns glucose to release energy
Stores energy as ATP
“Powerplant of cell”
Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Image by: Riedell
MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ ______________________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy as ______
Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMImage from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
2 KINDS:SMOOTH or ROUGH
Network of hollow tubules
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Moves substances around inside cell
= “Intracellular highway”Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html
Has RIBOSOMESattached
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
• Has RIBOSOMESattached
• Transports molecules to other parts of cell
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
• Has NO ribosomes attached
Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG
•Makes steroids
•Regulates calcium
•Destroys toxic substances
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER(no ribosomes) (with ribosomes)
Network membranes Rough ER: Transports molecules inside cell “____________________________”
Smooth ER: Makes ______________, regulates ________________,
breaks down _________________
RIBOSOMES
• Made of PROTEINS and RNA
• Protein factory for cell
Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg
Image by: RIedell
RIBOSOMES
Can be attached to Rough ER
OR
free in cytoplasm
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
RIBOSOMES
GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
• Pancake like membrane stacks
•Packages molecules for transport out of cell
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu
GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
It’s ALL connected!
LYSOSOMES
• Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINScalled digestive enzymes
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html
•Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc
LYSOSOMES
Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
LYSOSOMES
Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
LYSOSOMES
CENTRIOLES
Appear during cell division to pull chromosomes apart
CENTRIOLESMade of PROTEINS called
MICROTUBULES
Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm
CENTRIOLES
FLAGELLA & CILIA
Made ofPROTEINS called MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg
FLAGELLA
Help in cell movement
CILIA
Move cell itself
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
CILIA
Move substances past cells
Image from: http://academic.pg.cc.md.us/~aimholtz/AandP/206_ONLINE/Immune/Innate_Images/cilia.jpg
CILIA• Many
• short
FLAGELLA•Few•Long
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
CILIA FLAGELLA
WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
• Cell wall
• HUGE vacuoles
• Chloroplasts
• No centrioles
CELL WALLSupports and
protects cell
Outside of cell membrane
Made of polysaccharide _______________CELLULOSE
VACUOLES
Storage space
Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif
VACUOLES
• Storage space for WATER, enzymes, and waste
Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLSNO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA
Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg
VACUOLES
CHLOROPLASTS• Use energy from
sun to make glucose for food
CHLOROPLASTS• Surrounded by
DOUBLE membrane
• Thylakoid stacks contain enzymes for photosynthesis
•Contains own DNA
CHLOROPLAST
WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
• Cell wall
• NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
• DNA is circular
• No membrane bound organelles
BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
ITS MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES
than Plant cell walls!
NO CELLULOSE!Image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA
Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane
NO cell wall Cell wall made ofCELLULOSE
Cell wall made ofPROTEINS
Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes
Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane
Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
DNA in chromosomes
DNA in chromosomes
DNA is a circular ring
No chloroplasts Chloroplasts No chloroplasts
Small vacuoles Really big vacuole No vacuoles
Has lysosomes Lysosomes rare No lysosomes
SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST
The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D. Griffin, Barnes and Noble Books, 1986
The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D. Griffin, Barnes and Noble Books, 1986