Chapter 4 ANALYSIS & OBSERVATIONS -...
Transcript of Chapter 4 ANALYSIS & OBSERVATIONS -...
131
Chapter 4
ANALYSIS & OBSERVATIONS _______________________________________________________________
As already mentioned, the present study has been carried out in all the 58
Engineering College Libraries located in the three north coastal districts of
Andhra Pradesh. There are a total of 116 library professionals are working in
these colleges at the time of the survey and a complete coverage of these
116 professionals has been done for the study. In this chapter, the
information gathered has been analyzed and the observations made are
discussed, in view of the set objectives of the study.
The observations are broadly presented under four different sections – i)
Technology available at work place ii) Knowledge & Use of Technology iii)
Training needs and iv) Attitude and Opinion on Technology. Under each of
these sections, the responses were presented for different components of ICT
separately. Before going into the main presentation, details of the Engineering
Colleges covered in the three districts and Year of establishment and year of
accreditation of these colleges has been presented.
The observations were tabulated so as to present a comparison between the
accredited and non-accredited colleges, the three districts and selected
background variables of the professionals like age group, gender, designation
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and work experience. This is important to mention here that, although
comparisons were made using percentages, any generalizations made
should be considered cautiously because of the small number of responses in
certain categories shown in cross tabulation.
4.1 Details of the Colleges Covered
Details of the 58 Engineering Colleges covered from the three north
coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh have been listed in Table-4.1.
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Table- 4.1: List of Engineering colleges covered
S.No Name of the College S.No Name of the College
SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT
VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT
1 Aditya Institute of Technology & Management
1 Amaksik College of Technology & Management
2 GMR Institute of Technology
2 AU College of Engineering
3 Prajna Institute of Technology & Management
3 Al-Aman College of Engineering
4 Sarada Institute of Science, Technology & Management
4 GITAM University
5 Sri Sivani College of Engineering
5 Al-Ameer College of Engineering & Technology
6 Sri Sivani Institute of Technology
6 Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Science
7 Sri Vaishnavi College of Engineering
7 Avanthi Institute of Engineering & Technology
8 Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering & Technology
8 Chaitanya Engineering College
9 Mithra Institute of Technology
9 Dr. Bullaiah College of Engineering (W)
10 Shiva Rama Krishna College of Engineering & Technology
10 Dadi Institute of Engineering & Technology
11 Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering
12 Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (W)
VIZIANAGARAM DISTRICT
13 Gandi Institute of Technology & Management
14 Kaushik College of Engineering
1 Avanthi Institute of Engineering & Technology
15 Pydah College of Engineering & Technology
2 Avanthi's Research & Technological Academy
16 Raghu Engineering College
3 Coastal Institute of Technology & Management
17 Raghu Institute of Technology
4 Gokul Institute of Technology & Science
18 Sankethika Vidya Parishad Engineering College
5 JNTU College of Engineering
19 Gonna Institute of Information Technology & Sciences
6 Lendi Institute of Engineering & Technology
20 Nightingale Engineering College (W)
7 MVGR College of Engineering
21 Sankethika Vidya Parishad Engineering College
8 Praveenya Institute of Marine Engineering
22 Simhadri Educational Society - Engineering College
9 Sri Gnaneswari Research & Technological Academy (W)
23 Sri Chaitanya Engineering College
10 St Theresa Institute of Engineering & Technology
24 VLNS Educational Trust's Group of Institutions
11 Thandra Paparaya Institute of Science & Technology
25 Vignan's Institute of Engineering (W)
12 Brindavan Group of Institutions Engineering College
26 Baba Institute of Technology & Sciences
13 Satya College of Technology & Management
27 Vizag Institute of Technology
14 Swamy Vivekananda Engineering College
28 Vignan's Institute of Information Technology
15 Miracle Educational Society Group of Institutions
29 Visakha Institute of Engineering & Technology
16 GVP College of PG Courses & Technology
30 Visakha Institute of Technology & Sciences
31 Viswanadha Institute of Technology & Management
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Out of the total 58 colleges, 10 are in Srikakulam district, 16 are in
Vizianagaram district and the remaining 32 are in Visakhapatnam district. It is
already mentioned that one engineering college in Visakhapatnam (AU College
of Engineering for Women) is not having a separate library and hence the sample
from Visakhapatnam is 31 and the total libraries covered for the study are 57 and
the following observations are based on the responses elicited from these 57
college libraries.
4.2 Year of Establishment & Year of Accreditation Information relating to the year of establishment and year of accreditation
by the NBA for all these 57 colleges has been shown in Table-4.2.
Table- 4.2: Year of Establishment & Year of Accreditation
Year of
District Total
Srikakulam Vizianagaram Visakhapatnam
Establishment
1995 or before 0 0 2 2
1996 - 2000 2 1 3 6
2001 - 2005 1 4 8 13
2006 - 2010 7 11 18 36
Accreditation
No 8 13 25 46
Yes 2 3 6 11
Year Accredited
2005 or before 0 0 2 2
2006 - 2010 2 3 4 9
Total 10 16 31 57
It can be seen that before the year 2001, the number of engineering
colleges in this part of the state is not much (8 out of 57). The growth of private
engineering colleges attained pace after 2000 and 49 more colleges were set up
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during the decade 2001-2010. Most of the colleges (36 out of 57) have been
established during the period 2006 – 2010. Though the trend is similar, the
number of colleges established in Visakhapatnam district is more compared to
the other two districts because of obvious reasons.
Out of the total 57 colleges, only 11 (19.3 percent) have been accredited
by the NBA and the remaining 46 are non-accredited colleges. Out of the 11
accredited colleges, 9 were accredited during 2006-2010 and the remaining 2
from Visakhapatnam district got accreditation by the NBA before 2006.
Section – 1 TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE AT WORK PLACE
The main focus of the present study is around the Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) which comprises of different technologies such
as computer technology, communication media technology, audio visual
technology, network infrastructure etc. Facilities available and status of these
different technologies in the 57 college libraries covered in the present study
have been presented and discussed in this section. This discussion is based on
the information provided by the librarians of the 57 libraries. The observations
were cross tabulated by district and status of accreditation so as to facilitate
comparison among the three districts and also between the accredited and non-
accredited colleges.
4.3.1 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
In order to put computer technology into use, automation, software and
Databases are considered important and information on the availability of these
facilities in the 57 libraries covered is presented here.
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4.3.1.1: Status of Library Automation
Details relating to the status of automation in the 57 libraries are shown in
Table-4.3 by district and status of accreditation.
Table-4.3: Status of Library Automation
Background Variable n
Status of Library Automation
Complete Partial
No % No %
District
Srikakulam 10 5 50.0 5 50.0
Vizianagaram 16 9 56.3 7 43.8
Visakhapatnam 31 19 61.3 12 38.7
Chi-square Value (df 2) = 0.420
NBA Accreditation
NBA Accredited 11 8 72.7 3 27.3
Not Accredited 46 25 54.3 21 45.7
Chi-square Value (df 1) = 1.230
TOTAL 57 33 57.9 24 42.1
* Value Significant at 5% level
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In all, 33 out of the 57 (58 percent) libraries covered reported complete
automation and 24 (42 percent) reported partial automation. The percentage
reporting complete automation is 61 percent in Visakhapatnam district followed
by 56 percent in Vizianagaram district and 50 percent in Srikakulam district. The
Chi-square value does not indicate significant difference in the reported status of
library automation among the three districts.
As expected, all the 11 accredited college libraries were automated – 8
(73 percent) completely and 3 (27 percent) partially. Out of the 46 non-accredited
college libraries, 25 (54 percent) were completely automated and 21 (46 percent
were partially automated.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Srik
aku
lam
Viz
ian
agar
am
Vis
akh
apat
nam
NB
A A
ccre
dit
ed
No
t A
ccre
dit
edDistrict Acreditation TOTAL
50.0
56.361.3
72.7
54.357.9
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Fig.4.1: Libraries with Complete Automation
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4.3.1.2: Library Software Used Information on the type of Library Software package used in the 57
libraries is presented in Table-4.4.
Table-4.4: Library Software Package Used in the Library
Background Variable n
Library Software Package Used
Commercial Developed Free
No % No % No %
District
Srikakulam 10 9 90.0 1 10.0 0 0.0
Vizianagaram 16 12 75.0 3 18.8 1 6.3
Visakhapatnam 31 27 87.1 3 9.7 1 3.2
Chi-square Value (df 4) = 1.691
NBA Accreditation
NBA Accredited 11 10 90.9 1 9.1 0 0.0
Not Accredited 46 38 82.6 6 13.1 2 4.3
Chi-square Value (df 2) = 0.664
TOTAL 57 48 84.2 7 12.3 2 3.5
* Value Significant at 5% level
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
NBA Accredited
Not Accredited
Dis
tric
tA
cred
itat
ion
TOTA
L
90.0
75.0
87.1
90.9
82.6
84.2
10.0
18.8
9.7
9.1
13.1
12.3
0.0
6.3
3.2
0.0
4.3
3.5
Percentage
Fig.4.2: Type of Software Used
Commercial Developed Free
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In 48 out of the 57 (84 percent) libraries are using Commercial
Software, 7 are using Developed Software (12 percent) and 2 are using Free
Software (4 percent). The percentage reporting use of Commercial Software by
district is 90 in Srikakulam, 87 in Visakhapatnam and 75 in Vizianagaram
districts. The percentage using developed and free software is relatively more in
Vizianagaram district.
10 out of the 11 accredited college libraries (91 percent) are using
Commercial Software and the remaining 9 percent are using Developed
Software. The percentage reporting use of Commercial Software among the non-
accredited college libraries is 83 and those using the Developed Software is 13
and 4 percent are using Free Software.
4.3.1.3: Database Management System Used
Information on the Database Management System used in the libraries
covered in the present study is presented in Table-4.5.
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Table-4.5: Database Management System Used in the Library
Background Variable n
Database Management System Used
No D
BM
S
DO
TN
ET
LIN
UX
OR
AC
LE
SQ
L
AS
P/
DO
TN
ET
AS
P/
OR
AC
LE
AS
P/S
QL
District
Srikakulam 10 (5)
50.0 -- (2)
20.0 (1)
10.0 (2)
20.0 -- -- --
Vizianagaram 16 --
(5) 31.3 --
(4) 25.0
(7) 43.7 -- -- --
Visakhapatnam
31 (4)
12.9 (4)
12.9 -- (9)
29.0 (10) 32.3
(1) 3.2
(1) 3.2
(2) 6.4
Chi-square Value (df 14) = 29.203*
NBA Accreditatio
n
NBA Accredited
11 --
(2) 18.2 --
(4) 36.4
(4) 36.4 -- --
(1) 9.1
Not Accredited 46 (9)
19.6 (7)
15.2 (2) 4.3
(10) 21.7
(15) 32.6
(1) 2.2
(1) 2.2
(1) 2.2
Chi-square Value (df 7) = 5.179
TOTAL 57 (9)
15.8 (9)
15.8 (2) 3.5
(14) 24.6
(19) 33.3
(1) 1.8
(1) 1.8
(2) 3.5
Note: Figures in Brackets indicate frequencies * Value Significant at 5% level
Out of the 57 libraries, 19 libraries (33 percent) are having SQL database
and this is followed by ORACLE in 14 (25 percent) and DOTNET in 9 (16
percent) libraries. Other types are reported by relatively few libraries. In 9
libraries, no database is reported.
More or less similar trend is noticed in the three districts with statistically
significant difference in the responses. Half of the libraries in Srikakulam district
have not reported any database. SQL is the popular database in use in
Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts.
Out of the 11 accredited college libraries, 4 each (36 percent each)
reported SQL and ORACLE, 2 reported DOTNET and one reported ASP/SQL.
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Among the non-accredited college libraries, there is no database in 9, SQL is
reported in 15, ORACLE in 10 and DOTNET in 7 libraries.
4.3.2 NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
An attempt is made here to gather information relating to the availability of
facilities like LAN, Type of Network, Type of Internet connection and facilities for
use of e-resources.
4.3.2.1 LAN Facility in the Campus
Information on the availability of LAN Facility in the engineering college
campus as reported by the 57 librarians is shown in Table-4.6.
Table-4.6: Availability of LAN Facility in the College Campus
Background Variable n
LAN Facility in the Campus
Available Not Available
No % No %
District
Srikakulam 10 10 100.0 -- --
Vizianagaram 16 16 100.0 -- --
Visakhapatnam 31 29 93.5 2 6.5
Chi-square Value (df 2) = 1.738
NBA Accreditation
NBA Accredited 11 11 100.0 -- --
Not Accredited 46 44 95.7 2 4.3
Chi-square Value (df 1) = 0.496
TOTAL 57 55 96.5 2 3.5
* Value Significant at 5% level
Out of the 57 libraries covered in the study, 55 librarians (97 percent)
reported that LAN facility is available in their college campuses.
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This facility is not available in two non-accredited colleges from Visakhapatnam
district. All colleges in Srikakulam and Vizianagaram districts have reported
availability of LAN facility in their college campuses.
All the NBA accredited colleges are having LAN facility in their college campuses.
4.3.2.2 Type of Network Available in the Library Information on the type of network available in the 57 college libraries is
shown in Table-4.7.
In 29 out of the 57 libraries (51 percent), the type of network reported is
Optical Fibre Cables (OFC) and in 21 (37 percent) it is Data Cables while the
remaining 7 libraries have reported Wi-Fi network.
Table-4.7: Type of Network Available in the Library
Background Variable N
Type of Network Available
OFC Data Cable Wi-Fi
No % No % No %
District
Srikakulam 10 3 30.0 2 20.0 5 50.0
Vizianagaram 16 7 43.8 7 43.8 2 12.5
Visakhapatnam 31 19 61.3 12 38.7 -- --
Chi-square Value (df 4) = 18.076*
NBA Accreditation
NBA Accredited 11 6 54.5 3 27.3 2 18.2
Not Accredited 46 23 50.0 18 39.1 5 10.9
Chi-square Value (df 2) = 0.761
TOTAL 57 29 50.9 21 36.8 7 12.3
* Value Significant at 5% level
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
NBA Accredited
Not Accredited
Dis
tric
tA
cred
itat
ion
TOTA
L
30.0
43.8
61.3
54.5
50.0
50.9
20.0
43.8
38.7
27.3
39.1
36.8
50.0
12.5
0
18.2
10.9
12.3
Percentage
Fig.4.3: Type of Network Available
OFC Data Cable Wi-Fi
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Similar trend is observed in Srikakulam and Vizianagaram districts while
the Wi-Fi network is not reported in Visakhapatnam districts. In this regard, the
variation among the three districts is found significant.
Among the 11 NBA accredited college libraries, 6 (55 percent) are having
OFC, 3 (27 percent) are having Data Cable and 2 (18 percent) are having Wi-Fi
network.
4.3.2.3 Type of Internet Connection in the Library
Information on the type of Internet connection reported in the 57 college
libraries is shown in Table-4.8.
Table-4.8: Type of Internet Connection in the Library
Background Variable n
Type of Internet Connection
Dial Up Broad Band (DSL)
Leased Line
No % No % No %
District
Srikakulam 10 1 10.0 6 60.0 3 30.0
Vizianagaram 16 8 50.0 4 25.0 4 25.0
Visakhapatnam 31 20 64.5 7 22.6 4 12.9
Chi-square Value (df 4) = 9.663*
NBA Accreditation
NBA Accredited 11 6 54.5 3 27.3 2 18.2
Not Accredited 46 23 50.0 14 30.4 9 19.6
Chi-square Value (df 2) = 0.075
TOTAL 57 29 50.9 17 29.8 11 19.3
* Value Significant at 5% level
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Twenty-nine out of the total 57 colleges (51 percent) have reported
availability of Dial Up type of internet connection in their libraries. Broad Band
(DSL) connection is reported in 17 (30 percent) and Leased Line is reported in 11
(19 percent) college libraries.
Six out of the 10 college libraries (60 percent) in Srikakulam district are
having Broad Band (DSL) connection while 65 percent of the libraries in
Visakhapatnam and 50 percent in Vizianagaram have reported Dial Up
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Srik
aku
lam
Viz
ian
agar
am
Vis
akh
apat
nam
NB
A A
ccre
dit
ed
No
t A
ccre
dit
ed
District Acreditation TOTAL
10
.0
50
.0
64
.5
54
.5
50
.0
50
.9
60
.0
25
.0
22
.6 27
.3 30
.4
29
.8
30
.0
25
.0
12
.9
18
.2
19
.6
19
.3
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Fig.4.4: Type of Internet Connection
Dial Up Broad Band (DSL) Leased Line
147
connection. The variation in the reported type of internet connection among the
three districts is statistically significant.
Six out of the 11 NBA accredited colleges (55 percent) have reported Dial
Up connection, another 3 (27 percent) reported Broad Band and 2 (18 percent)
reported Leased Line internet connections in their libraries. Among the colleges
that were not accredited also, the Dial up connection is reported more (50
percent) than the Broad Band (30 percent) and Leased Line (20 percent)
connections.
4.3.2.4 Facilities for use of E-resources
In order to make best use of the available electronic sources of
information, the library should have adequate number of computers for the
students, and the internet speed should be at correct level and there should be a
separate server for organizing the e-resources. Information on the availability of
these facilities in the colleges covered is presented in Table-4.9.
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Table-4.9: Facilities for Use of Electronic Resources in the Library
Background Variable n
Facility for Use of E-Resources
Internet Speed Server for Organizing
E-resources No of PCs for
Students
Enough
Not -Enough
Available Not
Available Adequate
Not Adequat
e
District
Srikakulam 10 (9) 90.0 (1) 10.0 (10) 100.0 -- (9) 90.0 (1) 10.0
Vizianagaram 16 (13) 81.3 (3) 18.7 (15) 93.8 (1) 6.2 (14) 87.5 (2) 12.5
Visakhapatnam 31
(22) 71.0 (9) 29.0 (28) 90.3 (3) 9.7 (29) 93.5 (2) 6.5
Chi-square Value (df 2) 1.764 1.105 0.505
NBA Accreditatio
n
NBA Accredited 11 (8) 72.7 (3) 27.3
(11) 100.0 -- (8) 72.7 (3) 27.3
Not Accredited 46 (36) 78.3
(10) 21.7 (42) 91.3 (4) 8.7 (44) 95.7 (2) 4.3
Chi-square Value (df 1) 0.154 1.029 5.830*
TOTAL 57 (44) 77.2
(13) 22.8 (53) 93.0 (4) 7.0 (52) 91.2 (5) 8.8
Note: Figures in Brackets indicate frequencies * Value Significant at 5% level
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
NBA Accredited
Not Accredited
Dis
tric
tA
cred
itat
ion
TOTA
L
90.0
81.3
71.0
72.7
78.3
77.2
100.0
93.8
90.3
100.0
91.3
93.0
90.0
87.5
93.5
72.7
95.7
91.2
Percentage
Fig.4.5: Facility for Use of E-Resources
Sufficient Internet Speed Having Server for Organizing E-resources
Adequate Number of PCs for Students
150
On the whole, 44 out of the 57 libraries (77 percent) reported that they are
having enough internet speed, 53 libraries (93 percent) reported availability of a
server for organizing e-resources and 52 libraries (91 percent) reported adequate
number of PCs for the students. The same trend is observed in the colleges from
the three districts.
Among the NBA accredited college libraries, in 8 libraries, the internet
speed and number of PCs are reported to be enough and all 11 libraries have
reported availability of a server for organizing e-resources. The difference in the
adequacy of PCs between accredited and not accredited colleges is found
statistically significant.
4.3.3 COMMUNICATION MEDIA TECHNOLOGY
Information is also elicited from the 57 librarians about the availability of
facilities relating to communication technology and availability of different means
of communication and membership of the college library in any educational
network.
4.3.3.1 Different Means of Communication Available
All the 57 librarians have reported that their libraries are having the
required facilities related to communication media technology. Details of different
means of communication reported as available in their libraries are presented in
Table-4.10.
It is observed that all the 57 libraries are having Internet and E-mail
facilities.
Fax facility is reported in 48 out of the 57 libraries (84 percent). This is
reported in 9 out of the 10 libraries from Srikakulam, 12 of the 16 libraries from
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Vizianagaram and 27 of the 31 libraries from Visakhapatnam district. Fax facility
is available in 8 out of the 11 NBA accredited college libraries.
Table-4.10: Different Means of Communication Available in the Library
Background Variable n
Different Means of Communication Available
E-m
ail
Fax
Tele
x
Inte
rne
t
Intr
ane
t
Extr
anet
Voic
e m
ail
Tele
Confe
renc
e
District
Srikakulam 10 (10) 100.0
(9) 90.0
(5) 50.0
(10) 100.0
(8) 80.0
(1) 10.0
(2) 20.0
(2) 20.0
Vizianagaram 16 (16) 100.0
(12) 75.0
(10) 62.5
(16) 100.0
(14) 87.5
(9) 56.3
(7) 43.8
(5) 31.3
Visakhapatnam
31 (31) 100.0
(27) 87.1
(24) 77.4
(31) 100.0
(28) 90.3
(22) 71.0
(14) 45.2
(16) 51.6
NBA Accreditatio
n
NBA Accredited
11 (11) 100.0
(8) 72.7
(5) 45.5
(11) 100.0
(10) 90.9
(7) 63.6
(4) 36.4
(4) 36.4
Not Accredited 46 (46) 100.0
(38) 82.6
(34) 73.9
(46) 100.0
(40) 87.0
(25) 54.3
(19) 41.3
(19) 41.3
TOTAL 57 (57) 100.0
(48) 84.2
(39) 68.4
(57) 100.0
(50) 87.7
(32) 56.1
(23) 40.4
(23) 40.4
Note: Figures in Brackets indicate frequencies
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fax
Telex
Internet
Intranet
Extranet
Voice mail
Tele Conference
100.0
84.2
68.4
100.0
87.7
56.1
40.4
40.4
Percentage
Fig.4.6:Different Means of Communication Available in the Library
153
Telex facility is reported in 39 of the total 57 libraries (68 percent). This
facility is reported in 5 out of the 10 libraries from Srikakulam, 10 of the 16
libraries from Vizianagaram and 24 of the 31 libraries from Visakhapatnam
district. Telex facility is available in 5 out of the 11 NBA accredited college
libraries.
Intranet facility is reported in 50 of the total 57 libraries (88 percent). This
facility is reported in 1 out of the 10 libraries from Srikakulam, 9 of the 16 libraries
from Vizianagaram and 22 of the 31 libraries from Visakhapatnam district.
Extranet facility is available in 7 out of the 11 NBA accredited college libraries.
Extranet facility is reported in 32 of the total 57 libraries (56 percent). This
facility is reported in 8 out of the 10 libraries from Srikakulam, 14 of the 16
libraries from Vizianagaram and 28 of the 31 libraries from Visakhapatnam
district. Telex facility is available in 10 out of the 11 NBA accredited college
libraries.
Twenty three out of the total 57 libraries (56 percent) reported availability
of Voice mail facility. This facility is reported in 2 out of the 10 libraries from
Srikakulam, 7 of the 16 libraries from Vizianagaram and 14 of the 31 libraries
from Visakhapatnam district. Voice mail facility is available in 4 out of the 11 NBA
accredited college libraries.
Twenty three out of the total 57 libraries (56 percent) reported availability
of Tele-conference facility. This facility is reported in 2 out of the 10 libraries from
Srikakulam, 5 of the 16 libraries from Vizianagaram and 16 of the 31 libraries
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from Visakhapatnam district. Tele-conference facility is available in 4 out of the
11 NBA accredited college libraries.
4.3.3.2 Membership of the Library in Educational Network
All the librarians interviewed in the study were asked whether their library
has membership in any educational network, and if so, what is the network?
Details are shown in Table-4.11.
Fifty-four out of the 57 libraries (95 percent) have reported membership in
one or more educational networks. Most of the libraries (93 percent) have
membership in AICTE network, with the exception of 4 college libraries in
Visakhapatnam district.
Table-4.11: Membership of the Library in Educational Network
Background Variable n
Membership in Network
Name of the Network**
No Yes
AIC
TE
IND
ES
T
DE
LN
ET
IET
E
SO
NE
T
INF
ON
ET
INF
LIB
NE
T
NIS
CA
IR
NP
TE
L
District
Srikakulam 10 -- (10) 100.0
(10) 100.0
(3) 30.0 -- --
(1) 10.0 -- -- --
Vizianagaram 16 (2) 12.5
(14) 87.5
(14) 100.0
(4) 28.6
(3) 21.4 -- -- -- --
(1) 7.1
Visakhapatnam 31 (1) 3.2
(30) 96.8
(26) 86.7
(13) 43.3
(8) 26.7
(4) 13.3
(2) 6.7
(2) 6.7
(1) 1.3 --
NBA Accreditation
NBA Accredited 11 -- (11) 100.0
(11) 100.0
(9) 81.8
(1) 9.1
(2) 18.2
(3) 27.3
(2) 18.2
(1) 9.1 --
Not Accredited 46 (3) 6.5
(43) 93.5
(39) 90.7
(11) 25.6
(10) 23.3
(2) 4.7 -- -- --
(1) 2.3
TOTAL 57 (3) 5.3
(54) 94.7
(50) 92.6
(20) 37.0
(11) 20.4
(4) 7.4
(3) 5.6
(2) 3.7
(1) 1.9
(1) 1.9
Note: Figures in Brackets indicate frequencies ** Multiple Responses
155
All the 10 college libraries in Srikakulam, 14 out of 16 in Vizianagaram and
30 of the 31 in Visakhapatnam district have membership in educational networks.
All the 11 NBA accredited college libraries have membership in such network.
AICTE INDEST is the network where most of the libraries obtained
membership. Next, 37 percent are members of DELNET, 20 percent are
members of IETE, 7percent reported membership in SONET and , 6 INFONET,
4 percent in INFLIBNET and 2 percent each have membership in NISCAIR and
NPTEL networks. More or less similar trend is noticed across the three districts
and by status of accreditation.
80.0
82.0
84.0
86.0
88.0
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
98.0
100.0
Srik
aku
lam
Viz
ian
agar
am
Vis
akh
apat
nam
NB
A A
ccre
dit
ed
No
t A
ccre
dit
ed
District Acreditation TOTAL
100.0
87.5
96.8
100.0
93.5
94.7
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Fig.4.7: Membership in Educational Networks
156
4.3.4 AUDIO VIDEO TECHNOLOGY
Facilities pertaining to the use of audio video technology as reported
available by the 57 librarians in their respective college libraries are shown in
Table-4.12.
Table-4.12: Facility for Using AV Technology
Background Variable n
AV Technology LCD
Available Not
Available Available Not
Available
No % No % No % No %
District
Srikakulam 10 8 80.0 2 20.0 7 70.0 3 30.0
Vizianagaram 16 15 93.8 1 6.2 15 93.8 1 6.2
Visakhapatnam 31 30 96.8 1 3.2 30 96.8 1 3.2
Chi-square Value (df 2) 3.281 6.949*
NBA Accreditation
NBA Accredited 11 10 90.9 1 9.1 10 90.9 1 9.1
Not Accredited 46 43 93.5 3 6.5 42 91.3 4 8.7
Chi-square Value (df 1) 0.089 0.008
TOTAL 57 53 93.0 4 7.0 52 91.2 5 8.8
* Value Significant at 5% level
157
0 20 40 60 80 100
Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
NBA Accredited
Not Accredited
Dis
tric
tA
cred
itat
ion
TOTA
L
80.0
93.8
96.8
90.9
93.5
93.0
70.0
93.8
96.8
90.9
91.3
91.2
Percentage
Fig.4.8: Facility for Using AV Technology
AV Technology LCD
158
Audio Video Technology facilities are available in 53 of the total 57
libraries (93 percent) and are not reported in 4 libraries (2 from Srikakulam and
one each from Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts). Ten out of the 11
NBA accredited colleges have reported facilities for using A V Technology in their
libraries.
In 52 college libraries (91 percent), LCD is reported to be available. Seven
of the 10 libraries in Srikakulam, 15 of the 16 in Vizianagaram and 30 of the 31 in
Visakhapatnam have reported availability of LCD. Ten of the 11 accredited
college libraries are having LCD.
Section – 2 KNOWLEDGE AND USE OF ICT
[INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY]
In this section, the levels of knowledge and extent of use of different
components of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) by the
library professionals is presented. The presentation (in this section and other
sections that follow) is made separately for different technologies such as
computer technology, communication media technology, audio visual technology,
printing and publishing etc. This discussion is based on the information obtained
from 116 library professionals from the 57 college libraries covered for the
present study. Before going into the main discussion, it is necessary to have a
look at the profile of the respondents.
159
4.4 BRIEF PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
It is already mentioned that all the library professionals currently working
in the 57 college libraries were interviewed for the present study. The total 116
respondents comprise - 20 (17 percent) from Srikakulam district (10 libraries); 29
(25 percent) from Vizianagaram district (16 libraries) and 67 (58 percent) from
Visakhapatnam district (31 libraries). About 26 percent are from NBA accredited
colleges and 74 percent from non-accredited colleges. As the study employed
complete coverage instead of sample coverage, the observations made from the
total responses should have more validity.
Table-4.13: Brief Profile of the Library Professionals Covered in the Study
Background Variable
District TOTAL
Srikakulam Vizianagaram Visakhapatnam
No % No % No % No %
Gender Male 15 75.0 20 69.0 48 71.6 83 71.6
Female 5 25.0 9 31.0 19 28.4 33 28.4
Age (Yrs) - 35 9 45.0 18 62.1 37 55.2 64 55.2
35 + 11 55.0 11 37.9 30 44.8 52 44.8
Academic Qualification
UG 3 15.0 0 0.0 5 7.5 8 6.9
PG 17 85.0 29 100.0 62 92.5 108 93.1
Professional Qualification
MLISc 17 85.0 29 100.0 58 86.6 104 89.7
MLISc + M.Phil/PhD 3 15.0 0 0.0 9 13.4 12 10.3
Designation
Librarian 11 55.0 16 55.2 30 44.8 57 49.1
Asst. Librarian 6 30.0 12 41.4 29 43.3 47 40.5
Library Asst. 3 15.0 1 3.4 8 11.9 12 10.3
Experience (Yrs)
- 10 14 70.0 19 65.5 47 70.1 80 69.0
10 + 6 30.0 10 34.5 20 29.9 36 31.0
College NBA Accredited 7 35.0 6 20.7 17 25.4 30 25.9
Non-accredited 13 65.0 23 79.3 50 74.6 86 74.1
TOTAL 20 100.0 29 100.0 67 100.0 116 100.0
160
71.6
28.4
55.2
44.8
6.9
93.1
89.7
10.3
49.1
40.5
10.3
69.0
31.0
25.9
74.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Male
Female
- 35
35 +
UG
PG
MLISc
MLISc + Mphil/PhD
Librarian
Asst.Librarian
Library Asst.
- 10
10 +
NBA Accredited
Non-accredited
Gen
der
Ag
e (Y
rs)
Aca
dem
ic
Qu
alif
icat
ion
P
rofe
ssio
nal
Q
ual
ific
atio
nD
esig
nat
ion
Exp
erie
nce
(Y
rs)
Co
lleg
e
Percentage
Fig.4.9: Brief Profile of the Librarians
161
By gender, the total respondents comprise of 83 males (72 percent) and
33 females (28 percent). The mean age of the respondents is 35.3 years and 64
(55 percent) are in the age group of 35 years or below while the remaining 52 (45
percent) are above 35 years of age.
Most of the respondents (93 percent) have PG Degree as their academic
qualification and all are having M.L.I.Sc., as professional qualification and 10
percent are having M.Phil or Ph.D. degree in addition to M.L.I.Sc. As the group is
homogenous with regard to Qualification, this variable is not taken into
consideration in analyzing the responses.
By designation, about 49 percent are in the cadre of Librarian, 41 percent
are in the cadre of Assistant Librarian and the remaining 10 percent are working
as Library Assistants. Coming to the work experience, 69 percent are having an
experience of 10 years or less while the remaining 31 percent have more than 10
years of work experience.
While analyzing the different responses, variables like district and status of
accreditation, gender and age group, designation and work experience are
considered and the observations were cross tabulated accordingly so as to
facilitate comparison.
Most of the professionals have post-graduations in library science besides
post-graduations in other disciplines, and have some of them research degrees,
many of them pursuing their research degrees. Therefore the qualifications of
library professionals of studied engineering colleges are suitable to introduce any
kind of electronic services in libraries.
162
4.5 KNOWLEDGE & USE OF ICT 4.5.1 KNOWLEDGE & USE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
All the 116 respondents were asked to mention whether they have the
knowledge of different aspects of computer technology and also whether they
have ever used them. Their responses are shown in Table-4.14 in percentages.
All the 116 respondents reported knowledge of computers and 97 are
aware of different types of computers. About 98 percent have reported use of
computers. Knowledge of writing computer programmes is reported by 78
percent while 70 percent have reported using this ability. About 89 percent are
aware of Library Software Packages and 87 percent of them have reported that
they have used library software packages.
Table-4.14: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Computer Technology
Different Components of Computer Technology
Percentage Reporting
Knowledge Use
Computers 100.0 98.3
Types of Computers 97.4 ---
Writing Programmes 78.4 69.8
Library Software Packages 88.8 87.1
OPACs 95.7 83.6
MARC 91.4 70.7
Database Management 87.1 82.8
Online databases 82.8 81.0
CD-ROMs & DVDs 86.2 79.3
CD-ROM databases 73.3 71.6
Image databases 51.7 46.6
Personal Reference databases 45.7 42.2
163
0 20 40 60 80 100
Computers
Types of Computers
Writing Programmes
Library Software Packages
OPACs
MARC
Database Management
Online databases
CD-ROMs & DVDs
CD-ROM databses
Image databases
Personal Reference databases
100.0
97.4
78.4
88.8
95.7
91.4
87.1
82.8
86.2
73.3
51.7
45.7
98.3
0
69.8
87.1
83.6
70.7
82.8
81.0
79.3
71.6
46.6
42.2
Percentage
Fig.4.10: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different components of Computer Technology
Knowledge
Use
164
Knowledge about OPACs is reported by 96 percent and about MARC by
91 percent while 84 percent have used OPACs and 71 percent MARC. About 87
percent know about Database Management and 83 percent of them used the
same. Eighty six percent know about CD-ROMs & DVDs while 79 percent of
them reported use of them. Nearly 83 percent know about Online databases
while 81 percent of them used them.
In the same way, knowledge of CD-ROM databases is reported by 73
percent, knowledge of Image databases by 52 percent and knowledge of
personal reference databases by 46 percent. Use of CD-ROM databases is
reported by about 72 percent while those who reported use of image databases
and personal reference databases is less than 50 percent (47 and 42 percent
respectively).
4.5.1.1 Knowledge & Use of Computer Technology by background
Variables
The percentage of respondents reporting knowledge and use of different
components of computer technology is cross tabulated by background variables
and presented separately by district and status of accreditation, gender and age
group, designation and work experience.
4.5.1.1A By District and Status of Accreditation
The responses relating to knowledge and use of computer technology are
shown by district and status of accreditation in Table-4.15.
The percentage reporting knowledge of different components relating to
computer technology is found to be relatively less in Srikakulam district
165
compared to Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. The difference between
Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam is not much with regard to these reported
percentages.
However, the difference among the three districts in these percentage
responses is found statistically significant with regard to knowledge of different
types of computers, writing programmes, knowledge of library software
packages, OPACs, Database management and knowledge of CD-ROMs &
DVDs.
In the same way, the percentage reporting knowledge of the different
aspects listed is more in case of the NBA accredited colleges than in the non-
accredited colleges. The difference between the NBA accredited and non-
accredited college libraries in these percentage responses is found statistically
significant with regard to writing programmes, knowledge of library software
packages, MARC, online databases, CD-ROMs & DVDs, CD-ROM databases
and image databases.
166
Table-4.15: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Computer Technology by District & Status of Accreditation
Different Components of Computer Technology
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM VZM VSKP Chi-Square Value (df 2)
YES NO Chi-Square Value (df 1)
20 29 67 30 86
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Computers 100.0 100.0 100.0 -- 100.0 100.0 --
Types of Computers 85.0 100.0 100.0 14.782* 100.0 96.5 1.074
Writing Programmes 50.0 79.3 86.6 12.199* 60.0 84.9 8.146*
Library Software Packages 65.0 96.6 92.5 14.076* 100.0 84.9 5.107*
OPACs 80.0 100.0 98.5 14.533* 100.0 94.2 1.823
MARC 80.0 96.6 92.5 4.387 100.0 88.4 3.817*
Database Management 70.0 89.7 91.0 6.288* 90.0 96.0 0.309
Online databases 70.0 86.2 85.1 2.775 96.7 77.9 5.486*
CD-ROMs & DVDs 70.0 93.1 91.0 14.031* 100.0 81.4 6.474*
CD-ROM databases 70.0 79.3 77.6 0.209 96.7 67.4 11.306*
Image databases 60.0 41.4 59.7 1.899 70.0 45.3 5.412*
Personal Reference databases 50.0 41.4 47.8 0.969 43.3 50.0 2.489
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
Computers 90.0 100.0 100.0 9.768* 100.0 97.7 0.710
Writing Programmes 30.0 79.3 77.6 18.222* 60.0 73.3 1.855
Library Software Packages 55.0 93.1 91.0 23.516* 90.0 83.1 0.309
OPACs 40.0 86.2 95.5 34.856* 93.3 80.2 2.787
MARC 45.0 58.6 83.6 13.784* 90.0 64.0 7.282*
Database Management 55.0 89.7 88.1 13.087* 90.0 80.2 1.487
Online databases 65.0 82.8 85.1 4.114 96.7 75.6 6.434*
CD-ROMs & DVDs 70.0 79.3 82.1 1.372 96.7 73.3 7.429*
CD-ROM databases 40.0 75.9 73.1 11.848* 83.3 65.1 2.759
Image databases 10.0 41.4 53.7 15.707* 50.0 45.3 0.193
Personal Reference databases 25.0 37.9 47.8 3.282 33.3 41.9 0.020
* Value Significant at 5% level
167
Regarding the use of these listed components also, the reported
percentages are found to be relatively less in Srikakulam district compared to
Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. The difference between
Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam is not much. With regard to use also the
percentages reported are more in accredited college libraries than in non-
accredited college libraries.
The difference among the three districts in these percentages reporting
use is found statistically significant with regard to 8 of the 11 items listed with the
exception of three items - use of online databases, CD-ROMs & DVDs and
personal reference databases. On the other hand, between the accredited and
non-accredited college libraries, the difference in the percentage reporting use is
found to be statistically significant with regard to only three items - use of MARC,
online databases and CD-ROMs & DVDs.
4.5.1.1B By Gender and Age Group
The responses relating to knowledge and use of computer technology are
shown by gender and age group in Table-4.16.
In general, it appears that there is not much difference between males
females, but, the percentage reporting knowledge of different types of computers,
writing programmes, database management, online databases and CD-ROMs &
DVDs is more among females while knowledge of the remaining items is
reported more by the males.
168
However, the difference between males and females in these percentage
responses is found statistically significant with regard to knowledge of writing
programmes and MARC.
Table-4.16: Percentage Reporting Knowledge of different Components of Computer Technology by Gender & Age Group
Different Components of Computer Technology
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group (Yrs)
Male Female Chi-Square Value (df 1)
-35 35+ Chi-Square Value (df 1)
83 33 64 52
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Computers 100.0 100.0 -- 100.0 100.0 --
Types of Computers 96.4 100.0 1.224 98.4 96.2 0.594
Writing Programmes 73.5 90.9 4.236* 85.9 69.2 4.737*
Library Software Packages 90.4 84.8 0.721 87.5 90.4 0.240
OPACs 97.6 90.9 2.555 96.9 94.2 0.486
MARC 95.2 81.8 5.352* 87.5 96.2 2.727
Database Management 86.7 87.9 0.027 84.3 90.4 0.920
Online databases 81.9 84.8 0.141 79.7 86.5 0.944
CD-ROMs & DVDs 85.5 87.9 0.108 84.4 88.5 0.403
CD-ROM databases 75.9 66.7 1.029 71.9 76.9 0.640
Image databases 54.2 45.5 0.726 53.1 50.0 0.112
Personal Reference databases 47.0 42.4 0.198 54.7 36.5 4.658*
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF Computers 98.8 97.0 0.464 98.4 98.1 0.022
Writing Programmes 65.1 81.8 3.147 78.1 59.6 4.665*
Library Software Packages 88.0 84.8 0.202 85.9 88.5 0.162
OPACs 84.3 81.8 0.109 82.8 84.6 0.068
MARC 75.9 57.6 3.828* 67.2 75.0 0.845
Database Management 81.9 84.8 0.141 79.7 86.5 0.944
Online databases 81.9 78.8 0.151 76.6 86.5 1.858
CD-ROMs & DVDs 83.1 69.7 2.597 78.1 80.8 0.122
CD-ROM databases 73.5 66.7 0.541 70.3 71.2 0.007
Image databases 50.6 36.4 1.924 51.6 40.4 1.441
Personal Reference databases 45.8 33.3 1.500 46.9 34.6 1.256
* Value Significant at 5% level
169
By age group, knowledge of the listed components of computer
technology appears more in the elder age group i.e. those who are aged above
35 years. However, the percentage reporting knowledge about types of
computers, writing programmes, OPACs, image databases and personal
reference databases is more among the younger group i.e. those who are aged
35 years or below. The difference between the two age groups is found
significant with regard to knowledge of writing programmes and personal
reference databases.
The percentage reporting use of the different items listed is more among
the males with the exception of two items – writing programmes and use of
database management system, which were reported more by the females. In the
same way, writing programmes, use of image and personal reference databases
are reported more by the younger group while the use of remaining items is
reported more by the elder group.
The difference between males and females in the percentage reporting
use is found statistically significant with regard to the use of MARC while the
difference between the two age groups is significant in case of writing
programmes.
4.5.1.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to knowledge and use of computer technology are
shown by designation and work experience in Table-4.17.
At the outset, it can be said that there is no marked difference in the
percentage reporting knowledge of different components listed for computer
170
technology by designation. However, the percentages are slightly better in
Assistant Librarian category. The computed chi-square values do not reveal any
significant difference in the responses among the three categories – librarian,
assistant librarian and library assistant.
Knowledge of these listed items is more among the senior group i.e. those
having more than 10 years of work experience with the exception of items like
writing programmes and knowledge of personal reference databases which were
reported more by the junior group i.e. those with 10 or less years of work
experience. However, significant difference between the two work experience
groups is found for – knowledge of writing programmes, MARC, online and CD-
ROM databases.
171
Table-4.17: Percentage Reporting Knowledge of different Components of Computer Technology by Designation & Work Experience
Different Components of Computer Technology
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience (Years)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst. Chi-Square
Value (df 2)
- 10 10+ Chi-Square Value (df 1)
57 47 12 80 36
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Computers 100.0 100.0 100.0 -- 100.0 100.0 --
Types of Computers 96.4 97.9 100.0 0.550 97.5 97.2 0.007
Writing Programmes 77.2 85.1 58.3 4.157 85.0 63.9 6.545*
Library Software Packages 89.5 89.4 83.3 0.401 86.3 94.4 1.675
OPACs 94.7 95.7 100.0 0.666 93.8 100.0 2.351
MARC 93.0 87.2 100.0 2.343 87.5 100.0 4.925*
Database Management 89.5 85.1 83.3 0.602 85.0 91.7 0.980
Online databases 82.5 85.1 83.3 0.279 81.3 91.7 3.840*
CD-ROMs & DVDs 84.2 89.4 83.3 0.668 86.3 91.7 0.001
CD-ROM databases 73.7 74.5 75.0 0.307 71.3 91.7 9.016*
Image databases 47.4 55.3 58.3 0.886 48.8 58.3 0.913
Personal Reference databases 45.6 53.2 25.0 5.139 51.3 47.2 3.212
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF Computers 98.2 97.9 100.0 0.256 98.7 97.2 0.342
Writing Programmes 68.4 76.6 50.0 3.315 72.5 63.9 0.874
Library Software Packages 87.7 89.4 75.0 1.793 85.0 91.7 0.980
OPACs 78.9 87.2 91.7 1.924 82.5 86.1 0.236
MARC 64.9 76.6 75.0 1.817 66.3 80.5 2.452
Database Management 82.5 83.0 83.3 0.008 80.0 88.9 1.375
Online databases 82.5 78.7 75.0 0.691 76.3 86.1 0.411
CD-ROMs & DVDs 80.7 78.7 75.0 0.213 73.8 86.1 4.857*
CD-ROM databases 71.9 70.2 66.7 0.115 65.0 72.2 0.012
Image databases 47.4 48.9 33.3 0.965 45.0 50.0 0.249
Personal Reference databases 45.6 42.6 16.7 1.729 40.0 33.3 0.531
* Value Significant at 5% level
172
With regard to use of the different items also, there are no marked
differences by designation. Here also, the percentages are slightly better in
Assistant Librarian category with regard to the use of most of the listed items.
The chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference in the responses
among the three categories.
Use of the listed items is reported more among the senior group i.e. those
having more than 10 years of work experience with the exception of items like
use of computers, writing programmes and knowledge of personal reference
databases which were reported more by the junior group i.e. those with 10 or
less years of work experience. However, significant difference between the two
work experience groups is found for with regard to the use of CD-ROMs & DVDs.
4.5.2 KNOWLEDGE & USE OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA TECHNOLOGY
Details relating to respondents‘ knowledge of different aspects of
communication media technology and extent of use are shown in Table-4.18 in
percentages.
It is quite welcoming to note that most of the respondents (97 percent) are
aware of the concept of communication and 89 percent know about the different
means of communication. Knowledge of ‗Browsers‘ is reported by 92 percent,
knowledge of ‗Search Engines‘ by 88 percent, ‗Bar Code‘ by 84 percent and
knowledge of ‗Digital / Virtual Library‘ by 75 percent.
173
Table-4.18: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Communication
media Technology
Different Components of
Communication Media Technology Percentage
KNOWLEDGE OF
Concept of Communication 96.6
Means of Communication 88.8
Browsers 92.2
Search Engines 87.9
Bar Code 83.6
Digital / Virtual Library 75.0
USE OF
Browsers 86.2
Search Engines 87.1
Bar Code 77.6
Multimedia 69.8
E-mail 77.6
Fax 86.2
Telex 78.4
Internet 94.0
Intranet 86.2
Extranet 60.3
Voice Mail 40.5
Tele Conference 41.4
174
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Concept of Communication
Means of Communication
Browsers
Search Engines
Bar Code
Digital / Virtual Library
Browsers
Search Engines
Bar Code
Multimedia
Fax
Telex
Internet
Intranet
Extranet
Voice Mail
Tele Conference
KN
OW
LED
GE
OF
USE
OF
96.6
88.8
92.2
87.9
83.6
75.0
86.2
87.1
77.6
69.8
77.6
86.2
78.4
94.0
86.2
60.3
40.5
41.4
Percentage
Fig.4.11:Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Communication media Technology
175
Coming to the use of different means of communication, 94 percent
reported use of ‗Internet‘, 87 percent used ‗Search Engines‘ and 86 percent used
– Browsers, Fax and Intranet.
Use of E-mail, Telex and Bar Code are reported by 78 percent each and
70 percent have used multimedia and 60 percent reported use of Extranet.
Voice mail and Tele conference have been reported to be used by
relatively fewer respondents 40 and 41 percent respectively.
4.5.2.1 Knowledge & Use of Communication Media Technology by background Variables
The percentage of respondents reporting knowledge and use of different
components of communication media technology is cross tabulated by
background variables and presented separately by district and status of
accreditation, gender and age group, designation and work experience.
4.5.2.1A By District and Status of Accreditation
The responses relating to knowledge and use of communication media
technology are shown by district and status of accreditation in Table-4.19.
176
Table-4.19: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different
Components of Communication Media Technology by District & Status of Accreditation
Different Components of Communication Media
Technology
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM
VZM
VSKP
Chi-Square
Value (df 2)
YES NO Chi-Square Value (df 1)
20 29 67 30 86
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Concept of Communication 85.0 96.6 100.0 10.409* 86.7 100.
0 11.876*
Means of Communication 65.0 96.6 92.5 14.076* 83.3 90.7 1.212
Browsers 90.0 93.1 92.5 0.179 96.7 90.7 1.107
Search Engines 70.0 89.7 94.0 16.071* 100.
0 82.6 6.011*
Bar Code 70.0 75.9 80.6 1.061 86.7 72.1 5.770*
Digital / Virtual Library 70.0 65.5 80.6 2.777 86.7 70.9 2.937
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
Browsers 85.0 89.7 85.1 0.387 96.7 82.6 3.723
Search Engines 60.0 86.2 94.0 8.489* 93.3 86.0 1.113
Bar Code 70.0 86.2 86.6 3.275 93.3 82.6 0.274
Multimedia 40.0 72.4 77.6 10.465* 83.3 65.1 3.503
E-mail 60.0 72.4 85.0 6.164* 83.3 75.6 0.769
Fax 95.0 86.2 83.5 1.689 86.7 86.0 0.007
Telex 80.0 79.3 77.6 0.068 63.3 83.7 5.468*
Internet 75.0 96.6 98.5 15.466* 93.3 94.2 0.028
Intranet 65.0 93.1 89.6 9.355* 86.7 86.0 0.007
Extranet 36.0 72.4 62.7 7.287* 60.0 60.5 0.002
Voice Mail 10.0 34.5 52.2 11.989* 36.7 41.9 0.249
Tele Conference 15.0 37.9 50.7 8.303* 50.0 38.3 1.234
* Value Significant at 5% level
The percentage reporting knowledge of different components relating to
communication media technology is found to be relatively less in Srikakulam
district compared to Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. The difference
between Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam is not much with regard to these
177
reported percentages, but appear slightly better in Visakhapatnam district.
However, the difference among the three districts in these percentage responses
is found statistically significant with regard to knowledge of the concept of
communication, different means of communication and search engines.
In the same way, the percentage reporting knowledge of the different
aspects listed is more in case of the NBA accredited colleges than in the non-
accredited colleges with the exception of two items – concept of communication
and means of communication that are reported known more by those from non-
accredited colleges. The difference between the NBA accredited and non-
accredited college libraries in these percentage responses is found statistically
significant with regard to knowledge of the concept of communication, search
engines and bar code.
Regarding the use of these listed components also, the reported
percentages are found to be relatively less in Srikakulam district compared to
Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts with the exception of two items – fax
and telex which were reported to be used more from Srikakulam district. The
difference between Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam is not much. With regard
to use also the percentages reported are more in accredited college libraries than
in non-accredited college libraries.
The difference among the three districts in these percentages reporting
use is found statistically significant with regard to 8 of the 12 items listed with the
exception of four items - use of browsers, bar code, fax and telex. On the other
hand, between the accredited and non-accredited college libraries, the difference
178
in the percentage reporting use is found to be statistically significant with regard
to use of telex only.
4.5.2.1B By Gender and Age Group The responses relating to knowledge and use of communication media
technology are shown by gender and age group in Table-4.20.
Table-4.20: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Communication Media Technology by Gender & Age Group
Different Components of Communication Media Technology
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group (Yrs)
Male Female Chi-
Square Value (df
1)
-35 35+ Chi-
Square Value (df
1) 83 33 64 52
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Concept of Communication
96.4 97.0 0.024 100.0 92.3 5.099*
Means of Communication 88.0 90.9 0.208 87.5 90.4 0.239
Browsers 92.8 90.9 0.114 89.1 96.2 2.016
Search Engines 90.3 87.9 1.624 85.9 90.4 0.535
Bar Code 88.0 72.7 3.996* 82.8 84.6 0.068
Digital / Virtual Library 77.1 69.7 0.692 79.7 69.2 1.673
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
Browsers 89.2 78.8 2.135 82.8 90.4 1.383
Search Engines 86.7 81.8 0.027 84.4 90.4 0.920
Bar Code 80.7 69.7 1.651 81.3 73.1 1.102
Multimedia 67.5 75.8 0.770 71.9 67.3 0.284
E-mail 79.5 72.7 0.626 78.1 76.9 0.024
Fax 84.3 90.9 0.857 82.8 90.4 1.383
Telex 73.5 90.9 4.236* 81.3 75.0 0.662
Internet 94.0 94.0 0.000 95.3 92.3 0.457
Intranet 87.9 81.8 0.747 85.9 86.5 0.009
Extranet 60.2 60.6 0.001 67.2 51.9 2.793
Voice Mail 43.4 33.3 0.987 48.4 30.8 3.716
Tele Conference 43.4 36.4 0.478 46.9 34.6 1.777
* Value Significant at 5% level
179
In general, it appears that there is not much difference between males and
females, but, the percentage reporting knowledge of the concept of
communication and means of communication is reported more by the females
and knowledge of other items like browsers, search engines, barcode and digital
library are reported more by the males. However, the difference between males
and females in these percentage responses is found statistically significant with
regard to knowledge of bar codes only.
By age group, knowledge of most of the listed components of
communication media technology appears more in the elder age group i.e. those
who are aged above 35 years. However, the percentage reporting knowledge
about concept of communication and digital library are reported more among the
younger group i.e. those who are aged 35 years or below. The difference
between the two age groups is found significant with regard to knowledge of the
concept of communication only.
The percentage reporting use of the different items listed is more among
the males with the exception of three items – multimedia, fax and telex, which
were reported more by the females. In the same way, use of different means of
communication is reported more by the younger group while the elder group
reported more – use of browsers, search engines, fax, intranet and extranet. The
difference between males and females in the percentage reporting use is found
statistically significant with regard to the use of Telex, while the difference
between the two age groups is not significant with regard to the use of the listed
items.
180
4.5.2.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to knowledge and use of communication media
technology are shown by designation and work experience in Table-4.21.
Table-4.21: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Communication Media Technology by Designation & Work Experience
Different Components of Communication Media Technology
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience
(Years)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst.
Chi-Square
Value (df 2)
- 10
10+ Chi-
Square Value (df
1) 57 47 12 80 36
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Concept of Communication
96.5 97.9 91.7 1.107 98.8 91.7 3.741
Means of Communication
87.7 89.4 91.7 0.181 87.5 91.7 0.433
Browsers 94.7 91.5 83.3 1.864 92.5 91.7 0.024
Search Engines 87.7 87.2 91.7 0.182 87.5 91.7 0.045
Bar Code 86.0 83.0 75.0 0.894 83.0 86.1 0.236
Digital / Virtual Library 71.9 78.7 75.0 0.634 72.5 80.6 0.859
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
Browsers 87.7 85.1 83.3 0.241 83.8 91.7 1.309
Search Engines 86.0 87.2 91.7 0.288 85.0 88.9 0.980
Bar Code 75.4 80.9 75.0 0.485 72.5 88.9 3.835*
Multimedia 64.9 74.5 75.0 1.286 65.0 80.6 2.851
E-mail 77.2 80.9 66.7 1.116 72.5 88.9 3.835*
Fax 87.7 83.0 91.7 0.822 85.0 88.9 0.316
Telex 78.9 80.9 66.7 1.154 81.3 72.2 1.197
Internet 91.2 97.9 91.7 2.130 93.8 94.4 0.021
Intranet 87.7 87.2 75.0 1.419 83.8 91.7 1.309
Extranet 59.6 63.8 50.0 0.787 62.5 55.6 0.500
Voice Mail 38.6 46.8 25.0 2.058 41.3 38.9 0.057
Tele Conference 36.8 48.9 33.3 1.910 36.3 52.8 2.796
* Value Significant at 5% level
181
At the outset, it can be said that there is no marked difference in the
percentage reporting knowledge of different components listed for
communication media technology by designation. The computed chi-square
values do not reveal any significant difference in the responses among the three
categories – librarian, assistant librarian and library assistant.
Knowledge of these listed items is more among the senior group i.e. those
having more than 10 years of work experience with the exception of one item –
knowledge about the concept of communication, which was reported more by the
junior group i.e. those with 10 or less years of work experience. The computed
chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference in the responses
among the two groups of work experience.
With regard to use of the different items also, there are no marked
differences by designation. However, the percentages are slightly better in
Assistant Librarian category with regard to the use of most of the listed items.
The chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference in the responses
among the three categories.
Use of the listed items is reported more among the senior group i.e. those
having more than 10 years of work experience with the exception of two items -
use of telex and voice mail which were reported more by the junior group i.e.
those with 10 or less years of work experience. However, significant difference
between the two work experience groups is found for with regard to the use of
bar code and e-mail.
182
4.5.3 KNOWLEDGE & USE OF AUDIO VIDEO TECHNOLOGY
Details relating to respondents‘ knowledge of different aspects of audio
video technology and extent of use are shown in Table-4.22 in percentages.
Table-4.22: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Audio
Video Technology
Different Components of A V
Technology
Percentage Reporting
Knowledge Use
Audio-Video Technology
92.2 87.1
Means of A V Technology
81.0 77.6
LCD 87.1 83.6
Over Head Projector 73.3 69.8
92.2
81.0
87.1
73.3
87.1
77.6
83.6
69.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
A-V Technology Means of A V Technology LCD Over Head Projector
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Fig.4.12: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Audio Video Technology
Knowledge
Use
183
About 92 percent of the respondents reported the knowledge of audio
video technology while 87 percent of them have reported use of the same.
Knowledge about the different means of audio video technology is reported by 81
percent and 78 percent have used them. Knowledge about LCD is reported by 87
percent while 84 percent of them have reported use of LCD. Seventy-three
percent are aware of Overhead Projector (OHP) while 70 percent have used the
OHP earlier.
4.5.3.1 Knowledge & Use of A V Technology by background Variables The percentage of respondents reporting knowledge and use of different
components of audio video technology is cross tabulated by background
variables and presented separately by district and status of accreditation, gender
and age group, designation and work experience.
4.5.3.1A By District and Status of Accreditation
The responses relating to knowledge and use of audio video technology
are shown by district and status of accreditation in Table-4.23.
184
Table-4.23: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Audio-Video Technology by District & Status of Accreditation
Different Components of Audio-Video
Technology
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM VZM VSKP Chi-
Square Value (df
2)
YES NO Chi-
Square Value (df
1) 20 29 67 30 86
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Audio-Video Technology
85.0 100.0 92.5 2.226 100.0 89.5 3.404
Means of A V Technology
75.0 86.2 83.6 4.134 90.0 77.9 2.116
LCD 80.0 93.1 86.6 1.841 86.7 87.2 0.006
Over Head Projector 60.0 75.9 77.6 4.154 73.3 73.3 0.000
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
Audio-Video Technology
85.0 96.6 82.1 5.858 90.0 86.0 0.309
Means of A V Technology
65.0 86.2 74.6 1.654 76.7 77.9 0.020
LCD 75.0 89.7 83.6 1.856 80.0 84.9 0.387
Over Head Projector 55.0 69.0 73.1 1.274 63.3 72.1 0.810
* Value Significant at 5% level
The percentage reporting knowledge of different components relating to
audio video technology is found to be relatively less in Srikakulam district
compared to Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. The difference between
Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam is not much with regard to these reported
percentages, but appear slightly better in Vizianagaram district. However, the
difference among the three districts in these percentage responses is found
statistically not significant with regard to knowledge of the different items listed.
In the same way, the percentage reporting knowledge of the different
aspects listed is more in case of the NBA accredited colleges than in the non-
accredited colleges with the exception of knowledge about LCD, which is
reported more by those from non-accredited colleges. The difference between
185
the NBA accredited and non-accredited college libraries in these percentage
responses is found statistically not significant with regard to knowledge of the
four items listed.
Regarding the use of these listed components also, the reported
percentages are found to be relatively less in Srikakulam district compared to
Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts and the levels of knowledge is slightly
more in Vizianagaram district. With regard to use also the percentages reported
are more in non-accredited college libraries than in accredited college libraries,
the exception being the use of AV technology. The chi-square values did not
reveal any statistical significance among the three districts and also between the
accredited and non-accredited college libraries
4.5.3.1B By Gender and Age Group
The responses relating to knowledge and use of audio video technology
are shown by gender and age group in Table-4.24.
186
Table-4.24: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Audio-Video Technology by Gender & Age Group
Different Components of
Audio-Video Technology
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group (Yrs)
Male Female Chi-
Square Value (df
1)
-35 35+ Chi-
Square Value (df
1) 83 33 64 52
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Audio-Video Technology
91.6 93.9 0.186 89.1 96.1 2.016
Means of A V Technology
80.7 81.8 0.018 79.7 82.7 0.168
LCD 86.7 87.8 0.027 87.5 86.5 0.024
Over Head Projector 73.5 72.7 0.007 76.6 69.2 0.787
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
Audio-Video Technology
88.0 84.8 0.202 87.5 86.5 0.024
Means of A V Technology
75.9 81.8 0.475 78.1 76.9 0.024
LCD 83.1 84.8 0.051 82.8 84.6 0.068
Over Head Projector 69.9 69.7 0.000 75.0 63.5 1.813
* Value Significant at 5% level
Although there is not much difference in the percentage values, the
percentage reporting knowledge of the listed components of AV technology is
more among the females except in the case of knowledge of OHP, which is
reported more by the males. The difference between males and females in these
percentage responses is found statistically not significant with regard to the four
items listed.
By age group, knowledge of AV technology and means of AV technology
appears more in the elder age group i.e. those who are aged above 35 years,
while the percentage reporting knowledge about LCD and OHP are more in the
younger group i.e. those who are aged 35 years or below. There is no significant
187
difference between the two age groups with regard to knowledge of the four
items listed.
In general, the percentage reporting use of the different items listed is
more among the females than males and in younger group than in the elder
group. There is no significant difference between the males and females and also
between the two age groups with regard to use of the four items listed.
4.5.3.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to knowledge and use of communication media
technology are shown by designation and work experience in Table-4.25.
It can be said that, over all, there is no marked difference in the
percentage reporting knowledge of different components listed for
communication media technology by designation. The computed chi-square
values do not reveal any significant difference in the responses among the three
categories – librarian, assistant librarian and library assistant.
Knowledge of these four listed items is more among the senior group i.e.
those having more than 10 years of work experience. The computed chi-square
values indicate significant difference in the responses among the two groups of
work experience in case of knowledge about AV technology.
188
Table-4.25: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Audio-Video Technology by Designation & Work Experience
Different Components of Audio-Video Technology
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience (Years)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst. Chi-Square
Value (df 2)
- 10 10+ Chi-Square Value (df 1)
57 47 12 80 36
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Audio-Video Technology 91.2 91.5 100.0 1.128 88.8 100.0 4.391*
Means of A V Technology 77.2 87.2 75.0 2.007 78.8 86.1 0.875
LCD 87.7 91.5 66.7 5.274 86.3 88.9 0.154
Over Head Projector 71.9 76.6 66.7 0.585 70.0 80.6 1.413
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
Audio-Video Technology 87.7 87.2 83.3 0.171 87.5 86.1 0.043
Means of A V Technology 77.2 80.9 66.7 1.116 76.3 80.6 0.265
LCD 84.2 87.2 66.7 2.981 83.8 83.3 0.003
Over Head Projector 68.4 72.3 66.7 0.251 71.3 66.7 0.245
* Value Significant at 5% level
With regard to use of the different items listed here, the percentages are a
low in the Library Assistant category while the values are better in Assistant
Librarian category. The chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference
in the responses among the three categories.
Use of different means of AV technology is reported more among the
senior group i.e. those having more than 10 years of work experience while use
of the other three items is reported more by the junior group i.e. those with 10 or
less years of work experience. The chi-square values do not reveal any
significant difference in the responses among the two groups.
189
4.5.4 KNOWLEDGE & USE OF ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
Details relating to respondents‘ knowledge of different electronic
resources and extent of use are shown in Table-4.26 in percentages.
Table-4.26: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of Electronic
Resources
Different Electronic Resources
Percentage Reporting
Knowledge Use
E- Publishers 100.0 ----
E-Books 100.0 95.7
E-Journals 100.0 98.3
E-Magazines 100.0 94.8
E-Audi0/Video Lectures 92.2 85.3
E-Databases 80.2 79.3
Institutional Repositories
71.6 66.4
Open Sources 72.4 69.8
190
0 20 40 60 80 100
E- Publishing
E-Books
E-Journals
E-Magazines
E-Audi0/Video Lectures
E-Databases
Institutional Repositories
Open Sources
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.2
80.2
71.6
72.4
95.7
98.3
94.8
85.3
79.3
66.4
69.8
Percentage
Fig.4.13:Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of Electronic Resources
Knowledge
Use
191
It is welcoming to note that all the 116 respondents covered in the present
study are aware of the details of Electronic Publisher and all of them are having
knowledge of e-books, e-journals and e-magazines and 95 to 98 percent of them
have used them also. Knowledge about e-audio/video lectures is reported by 92
percent and use of the same by 85 percent. Eighty percent know about e-
databases while 79 percent of them have used them. About 72 percent know
about the institutional repositories while 66 percent of them reported use of the
same. Knowledge of open sources is reported by 72 percent while use of open
sources is reported by 70 percent.
4.5.4.1 Knowledge & Use of Electronic Resources by background Variables
The percentage of respondents reporting knowledge and use of different
electronic resources is cross tabulated by background variables and presented
separately by district and status of accreditation, gender and age group,
designation and work experience.
4.5.4.1A By District and Status of Accreditation
The responses relating to knowledge and use of electronic resources are
shown by district and status of accreditation in Table-4.27.
192
Table-4.27: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Electronic Sources of Information by District & Status of Accreditation
Different Electronic Sources of Information
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM VZM VSKP Chi-Square Value (df 2)
YES NO Chi-Square Value (df
1) 20 29 67 30 86
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
E- Publishing 100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Books 100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Journals 100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Magazines 100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Audi0/Video Lectures 80.0 89.7 97.0 6.592* 96.7 90.7 1.107
E-Databases 50.0 86.2 86.7 13.841* 86.7 77.9 1.073
Institutional Repositories 40.0 75.9 79.1 11.924* 80.0 68.6 1.419
Open Sources 50.0 75.9 77.6 6.109* 80.0 70.9 0.366
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
E-Books 96.5 95.5 95.7 0.080 96.7 95.3 0.094
E-Journals 95.0 100.0 98.5 1.797 100.0 97.7 0.710
E-Magazines 90.0 96.5 95.5 1.192 100.0 93.0 2.207
E-Audi0/Video Lectures 65.0 86.2 91.0 8.376 90.0 83.7 0.701
E-Databases 45.0 86.2 86.6 17.339* 86.7 76.7 1.335
Institutional Repositories 30.0 68.9 76.1 14.795* 66.7 66.3 0.001
Open Sources 50.0 65.5 77.6 5.915 76.7 66.3 1.987
* Value Significant at 5% level
It is already mentioned that all the 166 respondents know about e-
publishing, e-books, e-journals and e-magazines and also used them. The
percentage reporting knowledge of other sources listed is found to be relatively
less in Srikakulam district and appear better in Visakhapatnam district. However,
the difference among the three districts in the percentage reporting knowledge of
e-audio/video lectures, e- databases, institutional repositories and open sources
is found statistically significant.
193
In the same way, the percentage reporting knowledge of e-audio/video
lectures, e- databases, institutional repositories and open sources is more in
case of the NBA accredited colleges than in the non-accredited colleges. The
difference between the NBA accredited and non-accredited college libraries in
these percentage responses is found statistically not significant with regard to
knowledge of the four items.
Regarding the use of these listed components, use of e-books ir reported
more in Srikakulam district, use of e-journals and e-magazines is reported more
in Vizianagaram district while the percentage reporting use of other items is more
in Visakhapatnam district. With regard to use of the listed electronic resources,
the percentages reported are more in accredited college libraries than in non-
accredited college libraries.
The difference among the three districts in the percentages reporting use
is found statistically significant with regard to two items listed – use of e-
databases and institutional repositories. On the other hand, between the
accredited and non-accredited college libraries, the difference in the percentage
reporting use is not found significant with regard to any of the four items listed.
4.5.4.1B By Gender and Age Group
The responses relating to knowledge and use of electronic resources are
shown by gender and age group in Table-4.28.
194
Table-4.28: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Electronic Sources of Information by Gender & Age Group
Different Electronic Sources of Information
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group (Yrs)
Male Female Chi-Square Value (df 1)
-35 35+ Chi-Square Value (df
1) 83 33 64 52
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
E- Publishing 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Books 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Journals 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Magazines 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Audi0/Video Lectures 92.8 90.9 0.114 90.6 94.2 0.521
E-Databases 80.7 78.8 0.056 81.3 80.8 0.104
Institutional Repositories 69.9 78.6 0.401 75.0 67.3 0.834
Open Sources 71.1 78.8 0.258 76.6 67.3 1.230
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
E-Books 96.4 93.9 0.342 95.3 96.1 0.049
E-Journals 100.0 93.9 5.119* 98.4 98.1 0.022
E-Magazines 95.1 93.9 0.074 95.3 94.2 0.068
E-Audi0/Video Lectures 84.3 87.9 0.237 84.3 86.5 0.107
E-Databases 79.5 78.8 0.008 78.1 78.8 0.122
Institutional Repositories 63.9 72.7 0.833 73.4 57.7 3.187
Open Sources 66.3 75.8 1.758 73.4 65.3 0.883
* Value Significant at 5% level
The percentage reporting knowledge of e-audio video lectures and e-
databases is more among the males and knowledge of institutional repositories
and open sources is more among the females. However, the difference between
males and females in these percentage responses is found statistically not
significant.
By age group, knowledge of e-audio video lectures is reported more by
the elder age group i.e. those who are aged above 35 years. The percentage
195
reporting knowledge about e-databases, institutional repositories and open
sources is more among the younger group i.e. those who are aged 35 years or
below. No significant difference is found between the two age groups with regard
to knowledge of the listed e-resources.
The percentage reporting use of e-books, e-journals, e-magazines and e-
databases is more among the males and use of e-audio video lectures,
institutional repositories and open sources is reported more by the females. The
difference between males and females in the percentage reporting use is found
statistically significant with regard to the use of e-journals.
In the same way, use of e-books, e-audio video lectures and e-databases
is reported more by the elder group i.e. those with more than 35 years of age and
use of e-journals, e-magazines institutional repositories and open sources is
reported more by the junior group i.e. those aged 35 years or less. The difference
between the two age groups is not significant with regard to the use of the listed
items.
4.5.4.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to knowledge and use of electronic resources are
shown by designation and work experience in Table-4.29.
196
Table-4.29: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Electronic Sources of Information by Designation & Work Experience
Different Electronic Sources of Information
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience (Years)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst.
Chi-Square Value (df 2)
- 10 10+ Chi-Square
Value (df 1) 57 47 12 80 36
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
E- Publishing 100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Books 100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Journals 100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Magazines 100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
E-Audi0/Video Lectures 89.5 98.9 83.3 4.023 91.3 94.4 0.354
E-Databases 75.4 89.4 75.0 4.667 81.3 86.1 0.188
Institutional Repositories 65.2 80.9 75.0 4.040 68.8 77.8 0.994
Open Sources 64.9 83.0 75.0 4.430 71.3 75.0 0.175
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
E-Books 96.5 93.6 100.0 1.119 95.0 97.2 0.297
E-Journals 98.2 100.0 91.7 3.918 98.8 97.2 0.342
E-Magazines 93.0 97.9 91.7 1.528 95.0 94.4 0.015
E-Audi0/Video Lectures 84.2 89.4 75.0 1.692 85.0 86.1 0.024
E-Databases 75.4 85.1 66.7 1.619 76.3 77.8 1.471
Institutional Repositories 57.9 78.7 58.3 5.396 66.3 66.7 0.002
Open Sources 59.6 80.9 66.7 5.666 68.8 72.2 0.142
* Value Significant at 5% level
Not much difference is seen in the percentage reporting knowledge of
different electronic resources by designation. However the reported knowledge
levels are slightly better among the Assistant Librarian category. The computed
chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference in the responses
among the three categories – librarian, assistant librarian and library assistant.
Knowledge of these listed items is more among the senior group i.e. those
having more than 10 years of work experience than the junior group i.e. those
with 10 or less years of work experience. The computed chi-square values do not
197
reveal any significant difference in the responses among the two groups of work
experience.
With regard to use of the different resources, use of e-books is reported
more by the Library Assistants while all other sources are reported to be used
more by the Assistant Librarian category. In general, there are no marked
differences by designation. The chi-square values do not reveal any significant
difference in the responses among the three categories.
Use of the e-journals and e-magazines is reported more by the junior
group i.e. those having 10 or less years of work experience while use of all other
resources is reported more by the senior group i.e. those with more than10 years
of work experience. The difference in the percentage values is not much between
the two groups. However, no significant difference between the two work
experience groups is found for with regard to the use of different electronic
resources.
4.5.5 KNOWLEDGE & USE OF COMPUTER PRINTING TECHNOLOGY Details relating to respondents‘ knowledge of different components of
computer printing technology and extent of use are shown in Table-4.30 in
percentages.
Table-4.30: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of Different Components of Computer Printing Technology
Different Components of Computer Printing Technology
Percentage Reporting
Knowledge Use
Computer Printing Technology 95.7 ---
Computer Printers 99.1 99.1
Desk Top Printing (DTP) 87.9 85.3
Page Maker 71.6 70.7
Photocopying Machine 85.3 81.0
198
0 20 40 60 80 100
Computer Printing Technology
Computer Printers
Desk Top Printing (DTP)
Page Maker
Photocopying Machine
95.7
99.1
87.9
71.6
85.3
99.1
85.3
70.7
81.0
Percentage
Fig.4.14:Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of Different Components of Printing Technology
Knowledge
Use
199
In all, 96 percent of the respondents covered in the present study are
aware of the Computer Printing Technology. Almost all (99 percent) of them
know about computer printers and used them. Knowledge of Desk Top Printing
(DTP) is reported by 88 percent while 85 percent of them reported use of the
same. Seventy two percent know about Page Maker while 71 percent of them
have used it. Knowledge of Photocopying Machine is reported by about 85
percent while 81 percent have used the machine.
4.5.5.1 Knowledge & Use of Computer Printing Technology by background Variables
The percentage of respondents reporting knowledge and use of different
components of computer printing technology is cross tabulated by background
variables and presented separately by district and status of accreditation, gender
and age group, designation and work experience.
4.5.5.1A By District and Status of Accreditation The responses relating to knowledge and use of different components of
computer printing technology are shown by district and status of accreditation in
Table-4.31.
The percentage reporting knowledge of different components listed under
computer printing technology is found to be relatively less in Srikakulam district.
Knowledge of computer printing technology and photocopying machine were
reported more from Vizianagaram district while knowledge of computer printers,
DTP and Page Maker are reported more in Visakhapatnam district. However, the
difference among the three districts in the percentage reporting knowledge of
DTP, Page Maker and Photocopying machine is found statistically significant.
Table-4.31: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of
200
Computer Printing Technology by District & Status of Accreditation
Different Components of Computer Printing
Technology
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM VZM VSKP Chi-Square Value (df 2)
YES NO Chi-Square Value (df 1)
20 29 67 30 86
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Computer Printing Technology 95.0 96.6 95.5 0.079 96.7 95.3 0.094
Computer Printers 95.0 100.0 100.0 4.842 100.0 98.8 0.352
Desk Top Printing (DTP) 65.0 89.7 94.0 12.339* 86.7 88.4 0.061
Page Maker 20.0 79.3 83.6 31.733* 70.0 72.1 0.048
Photocopying Machine 65.0 96.6 91.0 9.611* 86.7 88.4 2.437
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
Computer Printers 95.0 100.0 100.0 4.842 100.0 98.8 0.352
Desk Top Printing (DTP) 60.0 93.1 89.6 12.616* 86.7 84.9 0.056
Page Maker 30.0 82.8 77.6 19.570* 66.7 72.1 0.316
Photocopying Machine 40.0 86.2 86.6 26.785* 76.7 79.1 0.835
* Value Significant at 5% level
In the same way, the percentage reporting knowledge of computer printing
technology and computer printers is more in case of the NBA accredited colleges
than in the non-accredited colleges. The difference between the NBA accredited
and non-accredited college libraries in these percentage responses is found
statistically not significant with regard to knowledge of the five items.
Regarding the use of these listed components, use of all four listed items
is reported less in Srikakulam district, while use of these items is reported more
in Vizianagaram district. The difference in the percentage values is not much
between Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. On the other hand, use of
computer printers and DTP is reported more in accredited college libraries and
use of page maker and photocopying machine are reported more in non-
accredited college libraries.
201
The difference among the three districts in the percentages reporting use
is found statistically significant with regard to use of DTP, Page Maker and
Photocopying machine. On the other hand, between the accredited and non-
accredited college libraries, the difference in the percentage reporting use is not
found significant with regard to any of the four items listed.
4.5.5.1B By Gender and Age Group The responses relating to knowledge and use of different components of
computer printing technology are shown by gender and age group in Table-4.32.
Table-4.32: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Computer Printing Technology by Gender & Age Group
Different Components of Computer Printing Technology
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group (Yrs)
Male Female Chi-Square Value (df 1)
-35 35+ Chi-Square Value (df 1)
83 33 64 52
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Computer Printing Technology 95.2 97.0 0.183 93.8 98.1 1.302
Computer Printers 98.8 100.0 0.401 98.4 100.0 0.820
Desk Top Printing (DTP) 86.7 90.9 0.385 87.5 88.5 0.025
Page Maker 68.7 78.8 1.186 75.0 67.3 0.834
Photocopying Machine 85.5 84.8 0.009 92.2 76.9 5.344*
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
Computer Printers 100.0 97.0 2.537 100.0 98.1 1.241
Desk Top Printing (DTP) 81.9 93.9 2.723 85.9 84.6 0.040
Page Maker 69.9 72.7 0.092 78.1 61.5 3.809*
Photocopying Machine 80.7 81.8 0.018 84.4 76.9 1.037
* Value Significant at 5% level
The percentage reporting knowledge of all five items listed is more among
the females and the difference between males and females in these percentage
responses is found statistically not significant.
202
By age group, knowledge of computer printing technology, different
computer printers and DTP are reported more by the elder age group i.e. those
who are aged above 35 years. The percentage reporting knowledge about page
maker and photocopying machine is more among the younger group i.e. those
who are aged 35 years or below. Significant difference is found between the two
age groups with regard to knowledge of photocopying machine.
The percentage reporting use of computer printers is more among the
males and use of DTP, page maker and photocopying machine is reported more
by the females. The difference between males and females in the percentage
reporting use is not found statistically significant with regard to the use of any of
the five items listed.
In the same way, use of all four components listed is reported more by
the younger group i.e. those aged 35 years or less. The difference between the
two age groups is not significant with regard to the use of the listed items.
4.5.5.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to knowledge and use of different components of
computer printing technology are shown by designation and work experience in
Table-4.33.
Not much difference is seen in the percentage values, but, knowledge of
computer printing technology and photocopying machine is more among the
Librarians. Knowledge of different computer printers, DTP and Page maker are
more among the Assistant Librarians and knowledge of photocopying machine is
reported more by the library assistants. However the computed chi-square values
203
do not reveal any significant difference in the responses among the three
categories – librarian, assistant librarian and library assistant.
Table-4.33: Percentage Reporting Knowledge and Use of different Components of Computer Printing Technology by Designation & Work Experience
Different Components of Computer Printing
Technology
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience (Years)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst. Chi-Square
Value (df 2)
- 10 10+ Chi-Square Value (df 1)
57 47 12 80 36
PERCENTAGE REPORTING KNOWLEDGE OF
Computer Printing Technology 98.2 91.5 95.7 3.454 93.8 100.0 2.351
Computer Printers 98.2 100.0 100.0 1.044 98.8 100.0 0.454
Desk Top Printing (DTP) 86.0 95.7 66.7 8.025 88.8 86.1 0.163
Page Maker 66.7 80.9 58.3 3.695 70.0 75.0 0.305
Photocopying Machine 87.7 85.1 91.7 1.286 83.8 88.9 0.524
PERCENTAGE REPORTING USE OF
Computer Printers 98.2 100.0 100.0 1.044 100.0 97.2 2.241
Desk Top Printing (DTP) 84.2 91.5 66.7 4.824 86.3 83.3 0.169
Page Maker 68.4 78.7 50.0 4.084 71.3 69.4 0.039
Photocopying Machine 75.4 85.1 75.0 2.551 80.0 83.3 0.179
* Value Significant at 5% level
Except DTP, knowledge of the other four listed items is more among the
senior group i.e. those having more than 10 years of work experience than the
junior group i.e. those with 10 or less years of work experience. The computed
chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference in the responses
among the two groups of work experience.
With regard to use of the different resources, use of the four listed
components of computer printing technology is reported more by the Library
Assistants followed by the librarians and library assistants. The chi-square values
204
do not reveal any significant difference in the responses among the three
categories.
Use of photocopying machine is reported more by the senior group i.e.
those with more than10 years of work experience, while use of all other
resources is reported more by the junior group i.e. those having 10 or less years
of work experience. The difference in the percentage values is not much between
the two groups. However, no significant difference between the two work
experience groups is found for with regard to the use of the listed items.
Section – 3 SKILLS ACQUIRED & ICT TRAINING NEEDS
In this section, a note on different skills for using different means of ICT
acquired by the 116 respondents has been presented along with areas where
they would like to have further training and also the type and place preferred for
future training.
5.6 SKILLS ACQUIRED AND TRAINING NEEDS
5.6.1 Skills acquired related to the use of ICT
Information on different skills acquired by the respondents relating to ICT
has been presented in Table-4.34.
It is quite welcoming to note that a majority of the respondents have
received training in use of different technologies under ICT. The earlier training is
obtained during their pursuit of professional degree or in a special training
programme.
205
Table-4.34: Percentage Reporting Skills
Acquired through earlier training
Skills Acquired Percentage
Use of Computer Technology 96.6
Use of Communication Technology
87.9
Functioning of E-mail 100.0
Use of AV Technology 92.2
Use of Electronic Resources 99.1
Use of Computer Printing Technology
94.0
206
80 85 90 95 100
Use of Computer Technology
Use of Communication Technology
Functioning of E-mail
Use of AV Technology
Use of Electronic Resources
Use of Computer Printing Technology
96.6
87.9
100.0
92.2
99.1
94.0
Percentage
Fig.4.15: Percentage Reporting Skills Acquired through earlier training
207
All the respondents (100 percent) have reported that they were trained in
using the e-mail. Almost all (99 percent) reported that they received training in
use of electronic resources, 97 percent were trained in use of computer
technology, 94 percent in computer printing technology, 92 percent in use of AV
technology and 88 percent received training in use of communication technology.
4.6.1.1 Skills Acquired through Earlier Training by background Variables The percentage of respondents reporting different skills acquired through
earlier training is cross tabulated by background variables and presented
separately by district and status of accreditation, gender and age group,
designation and work experience.
4.6.1.1A By District and Status of Accreditation
The responses relating to different skills acquired related to ICT are shown
by district and status of accreditation in Table-4.35.
The percentage reporting earlier training in different components under
ICT ranged between 80 and 100. The percentage reporting earlier training in the
five listed areas is found to be relatively less in Srikakulam district and slightly
better in Vizianagaram district. However, the difference among the three districts
in the percentage reporting earlier training in use of communication technology is
found statistically significant.
208
Table-4.35: Percentage Reporting Skills Acquired through Earlier Training by District & Status of Accreditation
Skills Acquired
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM VZM VSKP Chi-Square Value (df 2)
YES NO Chi-Square Value (df 1)
20 29 67 30 86
SKILLS ACQUIRED
Use of Computer Technology 95.0 100.0 95.5 1.394 96.7 96.5 0.002
Use of Communication Technology 60.0 100.0 91.0 19.295* 86.7 88.4 0.061
Use of AV Technology 80.0 96.6 94.0 5.240 90.0 93.0 0.284
Use of Electronic Resources 95.0 100.0 100.0 4.482 100.0 98.8 0.352
Use of Computer Printing Technology 85.0 96.6 95.5 3.463 93.3 94.2 0.029
* Value Significant at 5% level
In the same way, the percentage reporting earlier training in use of
computer technology and use of electronic resources is more in case of the NBA
accredited colleges while the percentage reporting earlier training in the use of
communication technology, AV technology and computer printing technology is
more among the non-accredited colleges. The difference between the NBA
accredited and non-accredited college libraries in these percentage responses is
found statistically not significant with regard to all the listed five items.
4.6.1.1B By Gender and Age Group
The responses relating to different skills acquired related to ICT are shown
by gender and age group in Table-4.36.
209
Table-4.36: Percentage Reporting Skills Acquire through Earlier Training by Gender & Age Group
Skills Acquired
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group (Yrs)
Male Female Chi-Square Value (df 1) -35 35+
Chi-Square Value (df 1)
83 33 64 52
SKILLS ACQUIRED
Use of Computer Technology 95.2 100.0 1.647 96.9 96.2 0.045
Use of Communication Technology 88.0 87.9 0.000 87.5 88.5 0.025
Use of AV Technology 94.0 87.9 1.227 92.2 92.3 0.000
Use of Electronic Resources 100.0 97.0 2.537 100.0 98.1 1.241
Use of Computer Printing Technology 95.2 90.9 0.760 95.3 92.3 0.457
* Value Significant at 5% level
The percentage reporting earlier training on the use of computer
technology is more among the females and earlier training in communication
technology, AV technology, electronic resources and computer printing
technology have been reported more by the males. The difference between
males and females in these percentage responses is found statistically not
significant.
By age group, earlier training on the use of communication and AV
technologies are reported more by the elder age group i.e. those who are aged
above 35 years. The percentage reporting earlier training on the use of computer
technology, electronic resources and computer printing technology is more
among the younger group i.e. those who are aged 35 years or below. No
significant difference is found between the two age groups with regard to earlier
training in any of the five listed areas.
210
4.6.1.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to different skills acquired related to ICT are shown
by designation and work experience in Table-4.37.
Table-4.37: Percentage Reporting Skills Acquired through Earlier Training by Designation & Work Experience
Skills Acquired
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience (Years)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst.
Chi-Square Value (df 2)
- 10 10+ Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 57 47 12 80 36
SKILLS ACQUIRED
Use of Computer Technology 94.7 97.9 100.0 1.239 96.3 97.2 0.070
Use of Communication Technology 86.0 93.6 75.0 3.530 88.8 86.1 0.163
Use of AV Technology 89.5 95.7 91.2 1.422 91.3 94.4 0.354
Use of Electronic Resources 98.2 100.0 100.0 1.044 100.0 97.2 2.242
Use of Computer Printing Technology 93.0 95.7 91.2 0.471 93.8 94.4 0.021
* Value Significant at 5% level
Not much difference is seen in the percentage values, but, earlier training
in use of different IC technologies is relatively less among the Librarians and
better among the Assistant Librarians followed by library Assistants. However the
computed chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference in the
responses among the three categories – librarian, assistant librarian and library
assistant.
Earlier training on use of computer technology, computer printing
technology and AV technology is more among the senior group i.e. those having
more than 10 years of work experience while the junior group i.e. those with 10
or less years of work experience have reported earlier training on the use of
communication technology and electronic resources. The computed chi-square
211
values do not reveal any significant difference in the responses among the two
groups of work experience.
5.6.2 Areas where Further Training is Required
Information on different areas of ICT where the respondents would like to
have further training has been presented in Table-4.38.
Table-4.38: Percentage Reporting Further Training Need
Areas where Training Required
Percentage
Computer Applications 94.0
Database Management 79.3
Use of Library Software Package 94.8
Communication Technology 93.1
Use of Bar Code System 97.4
Audio-Video Technology 94.0
Use of E-resources 98.3
Printing Technology 90.5
212
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Computer Applications
Database Management
Use of Library Software Package
Communication Technology
Use of Bar Code System
Audio-Video Technology
Use of E-resources
Printing Technology
94.0
79.3
94.8
93.1
97.4
94.0
98.3
90.5
Percentage
Fig.4.16: Percentage Reporting Areas in which Further Training is Needed
213
Although majority of the respondents have reported earlier training on the
use of different IC technologies, interestingly, most of them (more than 90
percent) expressed the need for further training.
About 98 percent of the respondents are interested in learning more about
the use of electronic resources, while 97 percent felt the need for knowing more
about the use of bar code system. Those who wanted to know about computer
applications and AV technology is 94 percent. Further training on use of library
software packages is felt necessary by 95 percent, further training on use of
communication technology by 93 percent, printing technology by 91 percent and
database management by 79 percent.
4.6.2.1 Further Training Needs by background Variables The percentage of respondents reporting need for further training on
different aspects of ICT is cross tabulated by background variables and
presented separately by district and status of accreditation, gender and age
group, designation and work experience.
4.6.2.1A By District and Status of Accreditation
The responses relating to need for further training on different aspects of
ICT are shown by district and status of accreditation in Table-4.39.
214
Table-4.39: Percentage Reporting different Areas of ICT where Further Training is Needed by District & Status of Accreditation
Areas where Training Required
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM VZM VSKP Chi-Square Value (df 2)
YES NO Chi-Square Value (df 1) 20 29 67 30 86
AREAS WHERE FURTHER TRAINING NEEDED
Computer Applications 100.0 89.7 94.0 2.235 96.7 93.0 0.520
Database Management 55.0 93.1 80.6 10.633* 66.7 83.7 3.942*
Use of Library Software Package 90.0 96.6 95.5 1.192 100.0 93.0 2.207
Communication Technology 95.0 100.0 89.6 3.576 100.0 90.7 2.997
Use of Bar Code System 95.0 100.0 97.0 1.274 96.7 97.7 0.090
Audio-Video Technology 95.0 96.6 92.5 0.621 93.3 94.2 0.029
Use of E-resources 95.0 96.6 100.0 2.951 100.0 97.7 0.710
Printing Technology 95.0 86.2 91.0 1.118 96.7 88.4 1.783
* Value Significant at 5% level
The percentage reporting need for further training in different components
under ICT ranged between 95 and 100 while 55 percent wanted to know more
about database management. The percentage reporting need for further training
in Vizianagaram district ranged between 86 and 100 while this range is 81 to 100
in Visakhapatnam district. The difference among the three districts in the
percentage reporting need for further training is found statistically significant for
database management only.
In the same way, the percentage reporting need for further training in
database management, bar code system and AV technology is more in case of
the non- accredited colleges while the percentage reporting need for further
training in the remaining five areas is more among the accredited colleges. The
difference between the NBA accredited and non-accredited college libraries in
215
these percentage responses is found statistically significant with regard to the
use of database management only
4.6.2.1B By Gender and Age Group
The responses relating to need for further training on different aspects of
ICT are shown by gender and age group in Table-4.40.
The percentage reporting need for further training in use of communication
technology is more among the females and need for further training in use of ICT
in the remaining seven areas has been reported more by the males. The
difference between males and females in these percentage responses is found
statistically not significant.
Table-4.40: Percentage Reporting different Areas of ICT where Further Training is Needed by Gender & Age Group
Areas where Training Required
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group (Yrs)
Male Female Chi-Square Value (df 1)
-35 35+ Chi-Square Value (df 1)
83 33 64 52
AREAS WHERE FURTHER TRAINING NEEDED
Computer Applications 95.2 90.9 0.760 93.8 94.2 0.012
Database Management 79.5 78.8 0.008 78.1 80.8 0.122
Use of Library Software Package 95.2 93.9 0.074 92.2 98.1 2.029
Communication Technology 92.8 93.9 0.050 90.6 96.2 1.366
Use of Bar Code System 97.6 97.0 0.036 98.4 96.2 0.594
Audio-Video Technology 94.0 94.0 0.000 95.3 92.3 0.457
Use of E-resources 98.8 97.0 0.464 100.0 96.2 2.505
Printing Technology 95.2 78.8 7.392 90.6 90.4 0.002
* Value Significant at 5% level
By age group, need for further training on the use of computer
applications, database management, library software package and
216
communication technology are reported more by the elder age group i.e. those
who are aged above 35 years. The percentage reporting need for further training
on the use of bar codes, AV technology, e-resources and printing technology is
more among the younger group i.e. those who are aged 35 years or below. No
significant difference is found between the two age groups with regard to earlier
training in any of the listed areas.
4.6.2.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to need for further training on different aspects of
ICT are shown by designation and work experience in Table-4.41.
Table-4.41: Percentage Reporting different Areas of ICT where Further Training is Needed by Designation & Work Experience
Areas where Training Required
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience
(Years)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst.
Chi-Square Value (df 2)
- 10 10+ Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 57 47 12 80 36
AREAS WHERE FURTHER TRAINING NEEDED
Computer Applications 93.0 95.7 91.7 0.471 91.3 100.0 3.352
Database Management 77.2 85.1 66.7 2.287 80.0 77.8 0.075
Use of Library Software Package 91.2 97.9 100.0 3.049 93.8 97.2 0.610
Communication Technology 93.0 91.5 100.0 1.081 91.2 97.2 1.379
Use of Bar Code System 96.5 97.9 100.0 0.550 98.8 94.4 1.827
Audio-Video Technology 96.5 91.5 91.7 1.261 92.5 97.2 0.976
Use of E-resources 98.2 97.9 100.0 0.256 98.8 97.2 0.342
Printing Technology 89.5 93.6 83.3 1.312 88.8 94.4 0.938
* Value Significant at 5% level
Most of the Library assistants reported the need for further training on the
use of different IC technologies. Among the librarians and Assistant librarians,
the difference is not much and the training need is also more or less similar.
217
However the computed chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference
in the responses among the three categories – librarian, assistant librarian and
library assistant.
Need for further training on use of database management, bar code
system and e-resources is reported more by the junior group i.e. those with 10 or
less years of work experience while the senior group i.e. those having more than
10 years of work experience have reported need for further training on the use of
ICT in the remaining five areas listed. The computed chi-square values do not
reveal any significant difference in the responses among the two groups of work
experience.
4.6.3 Preferred Type and Location for future training
Once, the areas where further training is felt required by the respondents,
they were asked about the type of training they prefer and also the location,
where they prefer to receive the training.
Information on the type of training preferred and location where the
respondents would like to have further training has been presented in Table-4.42.
218
Table-4.42: Percentage Reporting Preferred Type and Place for Future
Training
Type & Place of Training Percentage
Type of Training
Short Term 100.0
Long Term 0.0
Place preferred
Work Place 58.6
Outside Work Place 32.8
Anywhere 8.6
All the 116 respondents have unanimously opted for short term training
and more than half (59 percent) of them preferred to have the training at their
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Short Term Long Term Work Place Outside Work Place
Anywhere
100.0
0.0
58.6
32.8
8.6
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Fig.4.17:Percentage Reporting Preferred Type and Place for Future Training
219
work place. About 33 percent preferred to have the training outside their work
place while the remaining 8 percent did not mention any choice but are ready to
have it anywhere.
4.6.3.1 Further Training Needs by background Variables
The percentage of respondents reporting their preference for the type and
location of future training is cross tabulated by background variables and
presented separately by district and status of accreditation, gender and age
group, designation and work experience.
4.6.3.1A By District and Status of Accreditation
The responses relating to preference for the type and location of future
training are shown by district and status of accreditation in Table-4.43.
Table-4.43: Percentage Reporting Preferred Type and Place for Future Training by District & Status of Accreditation
Type & Place of Training
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM VZM VSKP Chi-
Square Value (df 2)
YES NO Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 20 29 67 30 86
PREFERRED TYPE & PLACE OF TRAINING
Type of Training
Short Term 100.0 100.0 100.0 ---
100.0 100.0 ---
Long Term 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Place preferred
Work Place 40.0 51.7 67.2 6.768 (df 4)
40.0 65.1 6.155* (df 2) Outside Work Place 45.0 34.5 28.4 50.0 26.7
Anywhere 15.0 13.8 4.4 10.0 8.2
* Value Significant at 5% level
As already mentioned the preferred type of training is a short term training
programme. The percentage that preferred to have the training at their work
220
place is more (67 percent) in Visakhapatnam district followed by 52 percent from
Vizianagaram and 40 percent from Srikakulam districts. The percentage
preferring the training outside the work place is more in Srikakulam district (45
percent) than in Vizianagaram (35 percent) and Visakhapatnam districts (28
percent). The difference among the three districts in these percentage responses
is not found statistically significant.
In the same way, the work place is preferred more for future training by
the respondents from the non- accredited colleges (65 percent) while 50 percent
of the respondents from the accredited colleges preferred to have the training
outside the work place. The difference between the NBA accredited and non-
accredited college libraries in these percentage responses is found statistically
significant with regard to the preferred location for future training.
4.6.3.1B By Gender and Age Group
The responses relating to preference for the type and location of future
training are shown by gender and age group in Table-4.44.
221
Table-4.44: Percentage Reporting Preferred Type and Place for Future Training by Gender & Age Group
Type & Place of Training
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group
Male Female Chi-
Square Value (df 1)
-35 35+ Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 83 33 64 52
PREFERRED TYPE & PLACE OF TRAINING Type of Training
Short Term 100.0 100.0 ---
100.0 100.0 ---
Long Term 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Place preferred
Work Place 55.4 66.7 1.284 (df 2)
64.1 51.9 2.063 (df 2)
Outside Work Place 34.9 27.3 29.7 36.5
Anywhere 9.6 6.1 6.2 11.5
* Value Significant at 5% level
As expected, the percentage preferring work place for the future training is
more among the females (68 percent) than among the males (55 percent). More
males (35 percent) preferred the training outside the work place than the females
(27 percent) while 10 percent of males and 6 percent of females did not report
any choice. The difference between males and females in these percentage
responses is found statistically not significant.
By age group, work place for further training is preferred more (64
percent) by the younger group i.e. those who are aged 35 years or below than
the elder age group i.e. those who are aged above 35 years (52 percent). The
percentage reporting preference for training outside the work place is more
among the elder group (37 percent) than the younger group (30 percent). No
significant difference is found between the two age groups with regard to earlier
training in any of the listed areas.
222
4.6.3.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to preference for the type and location of future
training are shown by designation and work experience in Table-4.45.
The location preferred for further training is work place by librarians and
Assistant librarians (60 percent each) while 50 percent of the library assistants
preferred work place for further training. Preference for training outside the
workplace is expressed by 50 percent of the library assistants, 34 percent of the
assistant librarians and 28 percent of the librarians. Twelve percent of the
librarians and 6 percent of the assistant librarians did not report any choice of
location. The computed chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference
in the responses among the three categories – librarian, assistant librarian and
library assistant.
Table-4.45: Percentage Reporting Preferred Type and Place for Future Training by Designation & Work Experience
Type & Place of Training
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience (Years)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst.
Chi-Square Value (df 2)
- 10 10+ Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 57 47 12 80 36
PREFERRED TYPE & PLACE OF TRAINING Type of Training
Short Term 100.0 100.0 100.0 ---
100.0 100.0 ---
Long Term 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Place preferred
Work Place 59.6 59.6 50.0 3.858 (df 4)
62.5 50.0 1.931 (df 2) Outside Work Place 28.1 34.0 50.0 58.7 41.7
Anywhere 12.3 6.4 0.0 8.8 8.3
* Value Significant at 5% level
About 63 percent of the respondents belonging to the junior group i.e.
those with 10 or less years of work experience and 50 percent of the senior
223
group i.e. those having more than 10 years of work experience have stated their
preference for further training at work place. On the other hand, 59 percent from
junior group and 42 percent from senior group have preferred outside work place
for further training. About 9 percent of the juniors and 8 percent of the seniors did
not mention any choice of location for future training. The computed chi-square
values do not reveal any significant difference in the responses among the two
groups of work experience
Section – 4 ATTITUDE TOWARDS & OPINION ON ICT
[INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY]
In order to understand the attitude and opinion of the library professionals
on Information and Communication technology, some selected statements have
been used and all the respondents were asked to mention whether they agree
with the statement or not. For some, which seek the opinion, they were asked to
give their response by yes or no. Again, the observations were cross tabulated
by variables like district and status of accreditation, gender and age group,
designation and work experience to present comparison.
4.7 ATTITUDE TOWARDS & OPINION ON ICT 4.7.1 Attitude towards and Opinion on Computer Technology
Opinion of the respondents and their agreement with different statements
related to computer technology has been elicited. Different aspects included here
comprise – preference for library automation, impact of computers on library
224
profession, preference for library software packages, effect of information
technology on library profession etc.
4.7.1.1 Preference for Complete Library Automation All the respondents were asked whether they prefer complete library
automation, if not, they were asked to mention the different sections they prefer
to have computerization. Their responses are shown in Table-4.46.
225
Table-4.46: Respondents Reporting Preference for Complete Automation by Background Variables
Background Variable
n
Preference for Complete Automation
Prefer Don't prefer Chi-Square Value
f % f %
District
Srikakulam 20 9 45.0 11 55.0 3.659 (df 2) Vizianagaram 29 6 20.7 23 79.3
Visakhapatnam 67 25 37.3 42 62.7
Accreditation
Accredited 30 19 63.3 11 36.7 14.908* (df 1) non-accredited 86 21 24.4 65 75.6
Gender
Males 83 29 34.9 54 65.1 0.027 (df 1) Females 33 11 33.3 22 66.7
Age Group (Years)
-35 64 16 25.0 48 75.0 5.683* (df 1) 35+ 52 24 46.2 28 53.8
Designation
Librarian 57 18 31.6 39 68.4 1.496 (df 2) Assistant Librarian 47 16 34.0 31 66.0
Library Assistant 12 6 50.0 6 50.0
Work Experience (Years)
-10 80 25 31.3 55 68.8 1.192 (df 1) 10 + 36 15 41.7 21 58.3
* Value Significant at 5% level
TOTAL 116 40 34.5 76 65.5
226
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
Accredited
non-accredited
Males
Females
-35
35+
Librarian
Assistant Librarian
Library Assistant
-10
10 +
TOTAL
Dis
tric
tA
ccre
dit
atio
nG
end
erA
ge G
rou
p
(Ye
ars)
Des
ign
atio
n
Wo
rk E
xper
ien
ce (
Ye
ars)
45.0
20.7
37.3
63.3
24.4
34.9
33.3
25.0
46.2
31.6
34.0
50.0
31.3
41.7
34.5
Percentage
Fig.4.18: Respondents Reporting Preference for Complete Automation by Background Variables
227
It is quite interesting to observe that only 40 out of the 116 respondents
(34 percent) are in favour of complete automation of the library and the remaining
76 (66 percent) did not prefer complete automation of the library. Before
considering the observations below, the small numbers in certain categories
considered in cross tabulation should be kept in mind.
Those who expressed their preference for complete automation of the
library are more from the Srikakulam district (40 percent) followed by
Visakhapatnam district (37 percent) and Vizianagaram district (21 percent).
About 63 percent of the respondents from NBA accredited colleges
reported that they prefer complete automation of the library while 24 percent from
non-accredited colleges reported the same.
By gender, 35 percent of the males and 33 percent of the females
expressed that they prefer complete automation. By age group, 46 percent of the
elder group, i.e. those aged above 35 years and 25 percent of the younger
group, those aged 35 years or below have reported their preference for complete
automation.
Preference for complete automation has been reported more by the
library assistants (50 percent) than the assistant librarians (34 percent) and
librarians (32 percent). The percentage reporting preference for complete
automation is more among the senior group i.e. those with more than 10 years of
work experience than in the junior group, i.e. those with 10 or less years of
experience.
228
The difference in the responses relating to preference for complete
automation of the library is found statistically significant by status of accreditation
and age group of the respondents.
The 76 respondents who reported that they don‘t prefer complete
automation were asked to mention the sections of the library which they want to
be computerized in order of their preference. Their responses are shown in
Table-4.47.
Table-4.47: Respondents' priority for Sections that need to be Computerized
Section
Need for Computerization Rank f %
Acquisition 35 46.1 1
Circulation 7 9.2 5
Periodicals 11 14.5 3
Textbook 12 15.8 2
Technical 1 1.3 6
Reference 10 13.1 4
TOTAL 76 100.0 ---
Most of the respondents (46 percent) reported that, in their opinion, the
Acquisition section needs to be computerized first. This is followed by preference
for computerization of Text Book section (16 percent), Periodicals section (15
229
percent), Reference section (13 percent), Circulation section (9 percent) and
Technical section (1 percent).
4.7.2 Opinion / Agreement with selected statements related to Computer Technology As already mentioned, some selected statements were used to
understand the attitude of the respondents and opinion of the respondents
regarding the computer technology. The statements and responses are shown in
Table-4.48.
Table-4.48: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to Computer Technology
Percentage Reporting AGREE / YES Percentage
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT
Developed Software packages are better than Commercial ones 83.6
CD-ROMs and DVDs are important in library collection 88.8
Computers shadow the library profession 94.8
Computers enhance the quality of library services 99.1
Information Technology helps in developing professional career 85.3
PERCENTAGE GIVING POSITIVE RESPONSE
Satisfied with customization of Software Packages 89.7
Read Computer magazines to update knowledge & skills 94.8
230
83.6
88.8
94.8
99.1
85.3
75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Developed Software packages are better than Commercial ones
CD-ROMs and DVDs are important in library collection
Computers shadow the library profession
Computers enhance the quality of library services
Information Technology helps in developing professional career
Percentage
Fig.4.19:Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to Computer Technology
231
It is to be mentioned here that more than 80 percent of the respondents
have reported their agreement with the listed statements relating to computer
technology.
About 84 percent of the respondents agreed that the library software
packages developed exclusively for their requirements are better than the
available commercial packages. Nearly 90 percent reported their satisfaction with
the customization of software packages. Nearly 89 percent reported that the CD-
ROMs and DVDs are important in library collection.
Almost all the respondents (99 percent) have felt that computers will
enhance the quality of library services. On the other hand, about 95 percent
opined that computers shadow the library profession. Eighty five percent are of
the opinion that Information Technology helps in developing the professional
career.
Ninety-five percent of the respondents are reading some computer related
magazines for updating their knowledge and skills in computer / IT field.
4.7.2.1 Agreement with Statements related to Computer Technology by background Variables
The percentage of respondents reporting their agreement with selected
statements related to computer technology is cross tabulated by background
variables and presented separately by district and status of accreditation, gender
and age group, designation and work experience.
232
4.7.2.1A By District and Status of Accreditation
The responses relating to agreement with selected statements related to
computer technology are shown by district and status of accreditation in Table-
4.49.
The percentage of respondents who agreed with the listed statement
ranged between 90 and 100 in Srikakulam, 86 and 100 in Vizianagaram and 73
and 99 in Visakhapatnam districts. The difference in the responses among the
three districts is found statistically significant in the case of agreement with the
statement ‗the developed software packages are better than the commercial
ones‘.
In the same way, the percentage reporting agreement with the selected
statements is more among the respondents from NBA accredited college libraries
than among the non-accredited college libraries. No statistically significant
differences are found between the accredited and non-accredited college
libraries with regard to any of the listed statements.
233
Table-4.49: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to Computer Technology by District & Status of Accreditation
Percentage Reporting AGREE / YES
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM VZM VSKP Chi-
Square Value (df 2)
YES NO Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 20 29 67 30 86
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT Developed Software packages are better than Commercial ones
100.0 96.6 73.1 12.837* 83.3 83.7 0.002
CD-ROMs and DVDs are important in library collection
100.0 86.2 86.6 3.053 93.3 87.2 0.838
Computers shadow the library profession
90.0 89.7 98.5 4.382 96.7 94.2 0.279
Computers enhance the quality of library services
100.0 100.0 98.5 0.738 100.0 98.8 0.352
Information Technology helps in developing professional career
100.0 89.7 79.1 5.951 90.0 83.7 0.701
PERCENTAGE GIVING POSITIVE RESPONSE Satisfied with customization of Software Packages
95.0 82.8 91.0 2.243 96.7 87.2 2.145
Read Computer magazines to update knowledge & skills
90.0 93.1 97.0 1.780 96.7 94.2 0.279
* Value Significant at 5% level
4.7.2.1B By Gender and Age Group
The responses relating to agreement with selected statements related to
computer technology are shown by gender and age group in Table-4.50.
About 83 to 100 percent of the males and 85 to 97 percent of the females
have reported their agreement with the listed statements. In general the
percentage reporting agreement is more among the males than among the
females with regard to each of the statements. However, the gender difference
with regard to the responses related to any of the statement is not found
significant.
234
In the same way, 77 to 98 percent of the younger group (aged 35 years or
below) and 90 to 100 percent of the elder group (aged above 35 years) have
reported agreement with the selected statements. The percentage reporting
agreement is more from the elder group than from the younger group in case of
each of the statements and the chi-square value revealed significant difference in
the responses between the two age groups with regard to the statement
―Information Technology helps in developing professional career‖.
Table-4.50: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to Computer Technology by Gender & Age Group
Percentage Reporting AGREE / YES
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group
Male Female Chi-
Square Value (df 1)
-35 35+ Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 83 33 64 52
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT
Developed Software packages are better than Commercial ones
83.1 84.8 0.051 78.1 90.4 3.148
CD-ROMs and DVDs are important in library collection
90.4 84.8 0.721 87.5 90.4 0.240
Computers shadow the library profession
95.2 93.9 0.074 95.3 94.2 0.068
Computers enhance the quality of library services
100.0 97.0 2.537 98.4 100.0 0.820
Information Technology helps in developing professional career
85.5 84.8 0.009 76.6 96.2 8.804*
PERCENTAGE GIVING POSITIVE RESPONSE
Satisfied with customization of Software Packages
88.0 93.4 0.913 89.1 90.4 0.054
Read Computer magazines to update knowledge & skills
95.2 93.9 0.074 93.7 96.2 0.338
* Value Significant at 5% level
235
4.7.2.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to agreement with selected statements related to
computer technology are shown by designation and work experience in Table-
4.51.
Table-4.51: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to Computer Technology by Designation & Work Experience
Percentage Reporting AGREE / YES
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience
(Yrs)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst.
Chi-Square Value (df 2)
- 10
10+ Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 57 47 12 80 36
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT Developed Software packages are better than Commercial ones
89.5 76.6 83.3 3.120 82.5 86.1 0.236
CD-ROMs and DVDs are important in library collection
86.0 89.4 100.0 1.988 90.0 86.1 0.377
Computers shadow the library profession
94.7 93.6 100.0 0.796 95.0 94.4 0.016
Computers enhance the quality of library services
100.0 100.0 91.7 8.742* 98.8 100.0 0.454
Information Technology helps in developing professional career
89.5 78.7 91.7 2.808 83.8 88.9 0.524
PERCENTAGE GIVING POSITIVE RESPONSE
Satisfied with customization of Software Packages
85.9 93.6 91.7 1.685 91.3 86.1 0.707
Read Computer magazines to update knowledge & skills
94.7 95.7 91.7 0.326 96.3 91.7 1.063
* Value Significant at 5% level
About 86 to 100 percent of the librarians, 77 to 100 percent of the
assistant librarians and 83 to 100 percent of the library assistants have reported
their agreement with the listed statements. In general the percentage reporting
agreement is more among the assistant librarians than among the librarians. The
computed chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference in the
responses among the three categories – librarian, assistant librarian and library
236
assistant, the exception being for the statement ―Computers enhance the quality
of library services‖.
In the same way, 83 to 99 percent of the junior group (with an experience
of 10 years or below) and 86 to 100 percent of the senior group (with an
experience of more than 10 years) have reported agreement with the selected
statements. The chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference in the
responses between the two age groups.
4.7.3 Opinion / Agreement with selected statements related to Communication Media Technology As already mentioned, some selected statements were used to
understand the attitude of the respondents and opinion of the respondents
regarding the communication media technology. The statements and responses
are shown in Table-4.52.
237
Table-4.52: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to Communication media Technology
Percentage Reporting AGREE / YES Percentage
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT
E-mail is more useful for information transfer over other methods 90.5
Multimedia is useful in libraries 98.3
Multimedia supersedes the print media 16.4
Multimedia supplements the print media 83.6
PERCENTAGE GIVING POSITIVE RESPONSE
Satisfied with Internet facility for Information Search 98.3
238
0 20 40 60 80 100
E-mail is more useful for information transfer over other
methods
Multimedia is useful in libraries
Multimedia supersedes the print media
Multimedia supplements the print media
90.5
98.3
16.4
83.6
Percentage
Fig.4.20:Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to Communication media Technology
239
It is to be mentioned here that more than 84 percent of the respondents
have reported their agreement with the listed statements relating to
communication media technology.
About 91 percent of the respondents agreed that E-mail is more useful for
information transfer over other methods. About 98 percent reported that
multimedia is important in library collection. Nearly 84 percent reported that
Multimedia supplements the print media and the remaining 16 percent opined
that multimedia supersedes the print media. About 98 percent expressed their
satisfaction with Internet facility as a tool for their information search.
4.7.3.1 Agreement with Statements related to Communication Media Technology by background Variables
The percentage of respondents reporting their agreement with selected
statements related to communication media technology is cross tabulated by
background variables and presented separately by district and status of
accreditation, gender and age group, designation and work experience.
4.7.3.1A By District and Status of Accreditation
The responses relating to agreement with selected statements related to
communication media technology are shown by district and status of
accreditation in Table-4.53.
240
The percentage of respondents who agreed with the listed statement
ranged between 60 and 100 in Srikakulam, 90 and 100 in Vizianagaram and 87
and 99 in Visakhapatnam districts. The difference in the responses among the
three districts is found statistically significant in the case of agreement with the
statement related to the impact of multimedia on print media.
In the same way, the percentage reporting agreement with the selected
statements is more or less similar among the respondents from NBA accredited
college libraries and the non-accredited college libraries. No statistically
significant differences are found between the accredited and non-accredited
college libraries with regard to any of the listed statements.
Table-4.53: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to Communication media Technology by District & Status of Accreditation
Percentage Reporting AGREE / YES
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM VZM VSKP Chi-
Square Value (df 2)
YES NO Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 20 29 67 30 86
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT E-mail is more useful for information transfer over other methods
100.0 93.1 86.6 3.539 96.7 88.4 1.783
Multimedia is useful in libraries 95.0 100.0 98.5 1.797 100.0 97.7 0.710
Multimedia supersedes the print media 40.0 10.3 11.9 9.882*
23.3 14.0 1.429
Multimedia supplements the print media 60.0 89.7 88.1 76.7 86.0
PERCENTAGE GIVING POSITIVE RESPONSE Satisfied with Internet facility for Information Search
95.0 100.0 98.5 1.797 96.7 98.8 0.618
* Value Significant at 5% level
241
4.7.3.1B By Gender and Age Group The responses relating to agreement with selected statements related to
computer technology are shown by gender and age group in Table-4.54.
Table-4.54: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to Communication media Technology by Gender & Age Group
Percentage Reporting AGREE / YES
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group
Male Female Chi-
Square Value (df 1)
-35 35+ Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 83 33 64 52
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT
E-mail is more useful for information transfer over other methods
91.6 87.9 0.374 84.4 98.1 6.275*
Multimedia is useful in libraries 97.6 100.0 0.809 96.9 100.0 1.654
Multimedia supersedes the print media 13.3 24.2 2.082
12.5 21.2 1.569
Multimedia supplements the print media 86.7 75.8 87.5 78.8
PERCENTAGE GIVING POSITIVE RESPONSE
Satisfied with Internet facility for Information Search 97.6 100.0 0.809 98.4 98.1 0.022
* Value Significant at 5% level
About 87 to 98 percent of the males and 76 to 100 percent of the females
have reported their agreement with the listed statements. In general the
percentage reporting agreement is more among the males than among the
females with regard to each of the statements. However, the gender difference
with regard to the responses related to any of the statement is not found
significant.
In the same way, 84 to 98 percent of the younger group (aged 35 years or
below) and 79 to 100 percent of the elder group (aged above 35 years) have
reported agreement with the selected statements. The percentage reporting
agreement is more from the elder group than from the younger group and the
chi-square value revealed significant difference in the responses between the
242
two age groups with regard to the statement related to usefulness of e-mail for
information search over other methods.
4.7.3.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to agreement with selected statements related to
communication media technology are shown by designation and work experience
in Table-4.55.
Table-4.55: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to Communication media Technology by Designation & Work Experience
Percentage Reporting AGREE / YES
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience (Yrs)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst.
Chi-Square Value (df 2)
- 10 10+ Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 57 47 12 80 36
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT E-mail is more useful for information transfer over other methods
93.0 85.1 100.0 3.264 90.0 91.7 0.080
Multimedia is useful in libraries 98.2 97.9 100.0 0.256 97.5 100.0 0.916
Multimedia supersedes the print media
14.0 19.1 16.7 0.493
16.3 16.7 0.003
Multimedia supplements the print media
86.0 80.9 83.3 83.7 83.3
PERCENTAGE GIVING POSITIVE RESPONSE Satisfied with Internet facility for Information Search
100.0 97.9 91.7 4.139 98.8 97.2 0.342
* Value Significant at 5% level
About 86 to 100 percent of the librarians, 81 to 98 percent of the assistant
librarians and 83 to 100 percent of the library assistants have reported their
agreement with the listed statements. In general the percentage reporting
agreement is more among the librarians than among the assistant librarians. The
computed chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference in the
243
responses among the three categories – librarian, assistant librarian and library
assistant.
In the same way, 84 to 99 percent of the junior group (with an experience
of 10 years or below) and 83 to 100 percent of the senior group (with an
experience of more than 10 years) have reported agreement with the selected
statements. The chi-square values do not reveal any significant difference in the
responses between the two age groups.
4.7.4 Opinion / Agreement with selected statements related to Audio Video Technology As already mentioned, some selected statements were used to
understand the attitude of the respondents and opinion of the respondents
regarding the Audio Video technology. The statements and responses are shown
in Table-4.56 by background variables.
In all, about 83 percent of the respondents reported that knowledge of
audio video technology is useful for the library professionals, while 14 percent felt
that it is not useful. The remaining 3 percent could not say either way.
The percentage who feels that AV technology is useful for library
professionals is 85 in Visakhapatnam, 83 in Vizianagaram and 75 in Srikakulam
districts. The difference in these responses among the three districts is
statistically significant.
Ninety percent from NBA accredited college libraries and 80 percent from
non-accredited college libraries reported the usefulness of AV technology to
library professionals.
244
Table-4.56: Opinion of Respondents on the Usefulness of Knowledge on AV technology to library professionals by Background Variables
Background Variable n
Opinion on Usefulness of Knowledge on AV technology (in
percentage)
Chi Square Value
Useful Not Useful Can't Say
District
Srikakulam 20 75.0 10.0 15.0 10.510*
(df 4) Vizianagaram 29 82.8 13.8 3.4
Visakhapatnam 67 85.1 14.9 0.0
Accreditation
Accredited 30 90.0 10.0 0.0 2.074 (df 2) non-accredited 86 80.2 15.1 4.7
Gender
Males 83 81.9 14.5 3.6 0.141 (df 2) Females 33 84.8 12.1 3.1
Age Group (Years)
-35 64 79.7 14.1 6.2 3.420 (df 2) 35+ 52 86.5 13.5 0.0
Designation
Librarian 57 82.5 10.5 7.0
8.669 (df 4)
Assistant Librarian 47 78.7 21.3 0.0
Library Assistant 12 100.0 0.0 0.0
Work Experience (Years)
-10 80 80.0 15.0 5.0 2.309
(df 2) 10 + 36 88.9 11.1 0.0
* Value Significant at 5% level
TOTAL 116 82.8 13.8 3.4
245
75.0
82.8
85.1
90.0
80.2
81.9
84.8
79.7
86.5
82.5
78.7
100.0
80.0
88.9
82.8
10.0
13.8
14.9
10.0
15.1
14.5
12.1
14.1
13.5
10.5
21.3
0.0
15.0
11.1
13.8
15.0
3.4
0.0
0.0
4.7
3.6
3.1
6.2
0.0
7.0
0.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
3.4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
Accredited
non-accredited
Males
Females
-35
35+
Librarian
Assistant Librarian
Library Assistant
-10
10 +
Dis
tric
tA
ccre
dit
atio
nG
end
erA
ge G
rou
p
(Ye
ars)
Des
ign
atio
n
Wo
rk E
xper
ien
ce
(Ye
ars)
TOTA
L
Percentage
Fig.4.21:Opinion of Respondents on the Usefulness of Knowledge on AV technology by Background Variables
Useful Not Useful Can't Say
246
By gender, 85 percent of females and 82 percent of males are of the
opinion that AV technology is useful to the library professionals. The same view
is expressed by 87 percent of the respondents from older age group (above 35
years of age) and 80 percent from younger group (35 years or below).
All the library assistants, 83 percent of the librarians and 79 percent of the
assistant librarians expressed that knowledge of AV technology is useful for
library professionals. The same view is reported by 89 percent of the senior
group (more than 10 year of work experience) and 80 percent of the junior group
( 10 years or less work experience).
4.7.5 Opinion / Agreement with selected statements related to Use of electronic resources As already mentioned, some selected statements were used to
understand the attitude of the respondents and opinion of the respondents
regarding the use of electronic resources. The statements and responses are
shown in Table-4.57.
247
Table-4.57: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to use of e-resources
Percentage Reporting AGREEMENT Percentage
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT
Electronic Resources are more time saving in getting needed information
99.1
More information is available through Electronic Resources
100.0
Use of Electronic Information is not easy and require different skills
99.1
248
99.1%
100.0%
99.1%
Electronic Resources are more time saving in getting needed information
More information is available through Electronic Resources
Use of Electronic Information is not easy and require different skills
Fig.4.22:Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to use of e-Resources
249
It is to be mentioned here that almost all the respondents have reported
their agreement with the listed statements relating to use of electronic resources.
About 99 percent of the respondents agreed that E- Resources are time
saving in getting needed information. An equal proportion also stated that use of
e-resources is not easy and it requires different skills. All the 116 respondents
have agreed that more information is available through electronic resources.
In fact, as the percentage responses showing agreement with the listed
statements is high (more than 99 percent), cross tabulations by backgroung
variables is not necessary. However, in order to keep uniformity in presentation,
the cross tabulations were also presented here.
4.7.5.1 Agreement with Statements related to Use of E-Resources by background Variables
The percentage of respondents reporting their agreement with selected
statements related to use of e-resources is cross tabulated by background
variables and presented separately by district and status of accreditation, gender
and age group, designation and work experience.
4.7.5.1A By District and Status of Accreditation
The responses relating to agreement with selected statements related to
use of e-resources are shown by district and status of accreditation in Table-
4.58.
250
Table-4.58: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to use of e-resources by District & Status of Accreditation
Percentage Reporting AGREEMENT
District & Status of Accreditation
District NBA Accreditation
SKLM VZM VSKP Chi-
Square Value (df 2)
YES NO Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 20 29 67 30 86
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT Electronic Resources are more time saving in getting needed information
100.0 100.0 98.5 0.738 100.0 98.8 0.352
More information is available through Electronic Resources
100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
Use of Electronic Information is not easy and require different skills
95.0 100.0 100 4.842 100.0 98.8 0.352
* Value Significant at 5% level
The difference in the responses, either among the three districts or
between the accredited and non-accredited college libraries is not found
statistically significant in the case of agreement with any of the statements
related to the use of electronic resources.
4.7.5.1B By Gender and Age Group The responses relating to agreement with selected statements related to
use of e-resources are shown by gender and age group in Table-4.59.
251
Table-4.59: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to use of e-resources by Gender & Age Group
Percentage Reporting AGREEMENT
Gender & Age Group
Gender Age Group
Male Female Chi-
Square Value (df 1)
-35 35+ Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 83 33 64 52
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT
Electronic Resources are more time saving in getting needed information
98.8 100.0 0.401 98.4 100.0 0.820
More information is available through Electronic Resources
100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
Use of Electronic Information is not easy and require different skills
100.0 97.0 2.537 100.0 98.1 1.241
* Value Significant at 5% level
As already mentioned, 99 to 100 percent of the respondents have
reported agreement with the listed statements. Hence, significant differences in
the responses cannot be expected either by gender or by age group.
4.7.5.1C By Designation & Work Experience
The responses relating to agreement with selected statements related to
use of e-resources are shown by designation and work experience in Table-4.60.
252
Table-4.60: Percentage Reporting Agreement with selected statements relating to use of e-resources by Designation & Work Experience
Percentage Reporting AGREEMENT
Designation & Work Experience
Designation Work Experience (Years)
Librarian Asst.
Librarian Library Asst.
Chi-Square Value (df 2)
- 10 10+ Chi-
Square Value (df 1) 57 47 12 80 36
PERCENTAGE REPORTING AGREEMENT Electronic Resources are more time saving in getting needed information
100.0 97.9 100.0 1.480 98.8 100.0 0.454
More information is available through Electronic Resources
100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0 100.0 ---
Use of Electronic Information is not easy and require different skills
98.2 100.0 100.0 1.044 100.0 97.2 2.242
* Value Significant at 5% level
By designation and by work experience also, the differences in the
responses regarding agreement with selected statements relating to the use of e-
resources are not marked and statistically significant.
4.7.6 Opinion / Agreement with selected statements related to Computer Printing Technology
Two statements on the need for knowledge of computer printing
technology to library professionals and the need for printing technology in library
housekeeping activities were placed before the respondents for their agreement.
4.7.6.1 Opinion on the Need for Knowledge on Computer Printing Technology to library professionals by Background Variables
The opinion of the respondents on the need for knowledge of computer
printing technology to library professionals is shown in Table-4.61 by background
variables.
253
Table-4.61: Opinion of Respondents on the Necessity of Knowledge on Computer Printing technology to library professionals by Background
Variables
Background Variable n
Opinion on Knowledge on Computer Printing technology (in percentage) Chi Square
Value Necessary Not Necessary
District
Srikakulam 20 100.0 0.0 6.401* (df 2)
Vizianagaram 29 93.1 6.9
Visakhapatnam 67 80.6 19.4
Accreditation
Accredited 30 90.0 10.0 0.309 (df 1) non-accredited 86 86.0 14.0
Gender
Males 83 84.3 15.7 1.934 (df 1) Females 33 93.9 6.1
Age Group (Years)
-35 64 82.8 17.2 2.297 (df 1) 35+ 52 92.3 7.7
Designation
Librarian 57 86.0 14.0 2.005 (df 2)
Assistant Librarian 47 85.1 14.9
Library Assistant 12 100.0 0.0
Work Experience (Years) -10 80 88.7 11.3 0.647
(df 1) 10 + 36 83.3 16.7
* Value Significant at 5% level
TOTAL 116 87.1 12.9
254
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
Accredited
non-accredited
Males
Females
-35
35+
Librarian
Assistant Librarian
Library Assistant
-10
10 +
Dis
tric
tA
ccre
dit
atio
nG
en
de
rA
ge G
rou
p
(Ye
ars)
De
sign
atio
n
Wo
rk E
xpe
rie
nce
(Y
ear
s)TO
TAL
100.0
93.1
80.6
90.0
86.0
84.3
93.9
82.8
92.3
86.0
85.1
100.0
88.7
83.3
87.1
Percentage
Fig.4.23:Opinion of Respondents on the Necessity of Knowledge on Computer Printing technology by Background Variables
255
It is observed that about 87 percent of the total respondents agree that the
knowledge of computer printing technology is necessary for the library
professionals while the remaining 13 percent felt that it is not necessary.
The proportion of respondents who agree that the knowledge is necessary
is 100 percent in Srikakulam, 93 percent in Vizianagaram and 81 in
Visakhapatnam districts. The chi-square value indicates significant difference
among the three districts with regard to these responses.
Ninety percent from NBA accredited and 86 percent from non-accredited
college libraries also reported that the knowledge of computer printing technology
is necessary for library professionals.
About 94 percent of the females and 84 percent of the males also felt the
need for knowledge on computer technology. This is expressed by 92 percent of
the elder group (above 35 years of age) and 83 percent of the younger group
(aged 35 years or below).
The need for knowledge of computer printing technology is reported by all
the library assistants, 86 percent of the librarians and 85 percent of the assistant
librarians.
The same view is recorded from 89 percent of the junior group ( with 10 or
less tears of work experience) and 83 percent of the senior group (with more
than 10 years of work experience).
4.7.6.2 Opinion on the Need for Printing Technology in library housekeeping activities by Background Variables
The opinion of the respondents on the need for printing technology in
library housekeeping activities is shown in Table-4.62 by background variables.
256
Table-4.62: Opinion of Respondents on the Necessity of Printing technology in library Housekeeping Activities by Background Variables
Background Variable n
Opinion on Necessity of Printing technology in Housekeeping (in percentage) Chi Square
Value Necessary Not Necessary
District
Srikakulam 20 100.0 0.0 2.634 (df 2)
Vizianagaram 29 96.6 3.4
Visakhapatnam 67 91.0 9.0
Accreditation
Accredited 30 96.7 3.3 0.521 (df 1) non-accredited 86 93.0 7.0
Gender
Males 83 91.6 8.4 2.962 (df 1) Females 33 100 0.0
Age Group (Years)
-35 64 93.8 6.2 0.012 (df 1) 35+ 52 94.2 5.8
Designation
Librarian 57 96.5 3.5 3.169 (df 2)
Assistant Librarian 47 89.4 10.6
Library Assistant 12 100.0 0.0
Work Experience (Years)
-10 80 93.7 6.3 0.021
(df 1) 10 + 36 94.4 5.6
* Value Significant at 5% level
TOTAL 116 94.0 6.0
257
80 85 90 95 100
Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
Accredited
non-accredited
Males
Females
-35
35+
Librarian
Assistant Librarian
Library Assistant
-10
10 +
Dis
tric
tA
ccre
dit
atio
nG
end
erA
ge G
rou
p
(Ye
ars)
Des
ign
atio
n
Wo
rk E
xper
ien
ce
(Ye
ars)
TOTA L
100.0
96.6
91.0
96.7
93.0
91.6
100.0
93.8
94.2
96.5
89.4
100.0
93.7
94.4
94.0
Percentage
Fig.4.24:Opinion of Respondents on the Necessity of Printing technology in library Housekeeping Activities by Background Variables
258
In all, 94 percent of the respondents agree that printing technology is
necessary for the library housekeeping activities while the remaining 6 percent
felt that it is not necessary.
The proportion of respondents who agree that printing technology is
necessary in library housekeeping activities is 100 percent in Srikakulam, 97
percent in Vizianagaram and 91 in Visakhapatnam districts.
Ninety-seven percent from NBA accredited and 93 percent from non-
accredited college libraries also reported that the printing technology is
necessary for library housekeeping activities.
All the female respondents and 92 percent of the males also felt the need
for computer technology in housekeeping. This is expressed by 94 percent of the
elder group (above 35 years of age) and by an equal percent of the younger
group (aged 35 years or below).
The need for printing technology in library housekeeping activities is
reported by all the library assistants, 97 percent of the librarians and 89 percent
of the assistant librarians.
The same view is recorded from 94 percent each of the junior group (with
10 or less tears of work experience) and of the senior group (with more than 10
years of work experience).