Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power Class...
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Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power Class 12 2018
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Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power
1. Alternative Institutions that were established to counter the Cold War blocs
and the unipolar dominance of US include the Association of South East
Asian Nations or ASEAN and European Union EU.
EE
For List of 10 ASEAN members see the last page.
2. After the Second World War the ‘Question of Europe’ was faced. What was
the position of European countries to be because the War had shattered all
the old alliances and principles of European states? Their economies were in
ruin and nothing remained of their institutions.
1. ASEAN : In 1967 Bangkok Declaration, : Indonesia, Malaysia, Phipplipines, Singapore, Thailand.
5 member countries : To accelerate growth and social progress cultural development
Promote regional peace , stability as per law and UN Charter.
1.1 Brunei, Darussalam Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Cambodia, joined later . (Total 10)
1.2 ASEAN WAY: Informal and cooperative interaction.
Respect for national sovereignity is criical to the ASEAN WAY of functioning.
In 2017 its member economies have the fastest rate of growth.
1.3 . ASEAN after 2003
In 2003 , Adopted a formal institution called ASEAN COMMUNITY comprising of three pillars :a) ASEAN Security Community
b) ASEAN Economic Community
c) ASEAN Socio Cultural Community
An ASEAN Flag and logo has also been adopted.
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3. European integration was initially aided by the Cold War. NATO was for
military cooperation.
4. US through ‘Marshall Plan’ revived the economies of West European
Countries. In 1948 Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
(OEEC) was established to channel the financial aid, cooperate on trade and
economic issues.
5. For Political Cooperation was through Council of Europe established in
1949.
6. In 1957 the European Economic Community was established, that led to the
creation of the European Parliament.
7. In 1992, the European Union was created with a common economy,
currency, cooperation on justice and home affairs, and security policy.
Update: in a 2016 National Referendum, Britain, voted for exiting the European
Union. The negotiations for terms of exit, called the BREXIT, are yet to be
• 'Marshall Plan' for economic revival
• NATO for military cooperation
‘Question of Europe’ in 1945
• European Economic Community 1957
• European Parliament
Council of Europe 1949 for Political
Cooperation
• Common Economy, Currency, Trade, Home Affairs and Security.
• Cooperation on Justice
European Union 1992
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completed as in January 2018. For list of members of EU please see list on the last
page.
Rise of Chinese Economy as the third major alternative power from 1978.
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Exercises at the end of the Chapter
1. Strengths : Large size of the country, a large, disciplined population, regional location, natural resources, politically a closed society , International influence through membership of Security Council of the UN, a controlled economy and a total black out on access to information.
Began by modernizing 4 sectors of agriculuture, industry, science and technology, and military.
2. The country created 6 Special Economic Zones as free and modern areas for investment from abroad. Property Rights have been allowed here, and all infrastructure facitiies are provided . Many MNCs or Multi National Companies have manufacturing plants in these SEZs.
4.This has created a clear divide between the new China in the SEZs that
has the major cities, and the old agricultural economy based China. Corruption and unemployment have
increased. Environmental degradation and rise in economic inequality
between rural and urban has increased.
3. Privatization of Agriculture in 1982, and of industry in 1998. State control continued, but privatization of agriculture resulted in growth in production of food and rural savings.
SEZs resulted in increase in foreign investment and international trade. China joined WTO in 2001. Regionally and globally, China is increasingly becoming a source of conflict due to its global dominanace,
Reforms in China after 1978. Move from Model of state owned heavy industries and no private property, towards a Capitalist Model. A step by step opening of market economy.
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1. Arrange the following in chronological order.
Answer.
a) Establishment of the EEC (European Economic Committee 1957)
b) Establishment of the EU (1992)
c) China’s accession to WTO (2001)
d) Birth of ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum 2003)
2. The ‘ASEAN Way’
a) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal
and cooperative.
b) Reflects the life style of ASEAN members
c) The defence policy followed by the ASEAN members
d) The road that connects all the ASEAN members.
3. Who among the following adopted an ‘open door’ policy?
a) China
b) EU
c) Japan
d) USA
4. Fill in the blanks:
a) The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was
principally over North Eastern Frontier Area now called Arunachal
Pradesh and Askai Chin in Ladakh region.
b) ARF was established in the year 2003.
c) China entered into bilateral relations with United States of
America in 1972.
d) Marshall Plan influenced the establishment of the Organisation for
European Economic Cooperation in 1948.
e) ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY is the organisation of
ASEAN that deals with security.
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5. What are the objectives of establishing regional organisations?
Answer. The objectives of establishing regional organisations is economic
development, trade that is mutually beneficial, security reasons as
expenditure on military can be shared among them, and socio-cultural.
6. How does geographical proximity influence the formation of regional
organisations?
Answer. Countries in one region share similar geographical and climatic
conditions. Their closeness to one another creates a natural regional bond of
cultural and their historical lineage. Trade between them has to cover
shorter distances. This brings down the cost of trade.
7. What are the components of the ASEAN Vision 2020?
Answer. The ASEAN Vision 2020 defines an outward looking role for
ASEAN in the international Community. The existing policy is to be
foundation on which negotiations over conflicts in the region are to be
encouraged for peaceful settlement. ASEAN has mediated for the end of
Cambodian conflict and East Timor crisis.
The Vision envisages annual meetings to discuss Eat Asian
cooperation. ASEAN economic strength and the relevance of its growing
trade with India encourage this Vision.
8. Name the pillars and the objectives of the ASEAN Community.
Answer. The three pillars of the ASEAN COMMUNITY are
a. ASEAN Security Community
b. ASEAN Economic Community
c. ASEAN Socio Cultural Community
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9. In what ways does the present Chinese economy differs from its
command economy?
Answer. In the command economy everything was state owned and
controlled. There was no private property. Employment and social welfare
were assured to all. Annual economic growth was 5 to 6 % and
population growth was 2 to 3%. Productivity in agriculture and industry
was very low.
In 1979, China adopted an ‘open door’ policy and economic
reforms. It moved to market economy model very gradually. Six areas
were developed as Special Economic Zones or SEZs. These were well
developed, with private property rights. Special benefits of tax
concessions were allowed. The high investments in SEZs enable China to
break out of economic stagnation, and increased China’s share in
international trade. In 2001 China joined World Trade Organisation to
benefit from free trade.
In interior China, agriculture was privatized for Chinese people only.
This increased agriculture productivity and resulted in high rate of rural
savings. Rural savings led to growth of rural industries.
(152 words)
10. How did the European countries resolve their post-Second World War
problem? Briefly outline the attempts that led to the formation of the
European Union.
Answer. United States of America, offered the Marshall Plan for economic
revival of West Europe. NATO was for their security, and European
Economic Cooperation (1948) was to channel American aid. Political
cooperation was established through the Council of Europe. NATO
members also cooperated for trade.
Similarly, ‘Warsaw Pact’ was created by USSR for the East
European Countries. USSR invested heavily in creating modern
infrastructure in East Europe. Council of Europe was created in 1949 for
political and economic cooperation.
The steps that led to EU were:
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a) The structure for political, economic reconstruction and trade
cooperation existed in the form of .Council of Europe (1949) and
European Economic Community (1957)
b) The European Parliament was created, but it failed to agree on a
common currency for all countries. But it grew like a nation with a
common foreign and security policies.
c) The European Union was created in 1992 with a common market
economy, currency, trade, Home Affairs and Security, and
Cooperation on Justice, and a flag, an anthem and a founding date.
(170 words)
11. What makes the European Union a highly influential regional
organisation?
Answer. European Union has as its members many of the richest and
most developed countries. It is the biggest economy with a GDP of more
than $20 trillion in 2017, which is larger than the USA. Its currency, the
Euro, is fast replacing the American dollar. Its share of trade is three times
larger than that of USA. This makes the European Union more assertive in
international trade negotiations in World Trade Organisation. Its economic
power gives its influence in Africa and Asia. It functions as a bloc on many
issues in international forum such as UN. Two of EU members, England
and France are permanent members of the Security Council of UN. Other
members are part of UNSC. For all these reasons, the EU is a highly
influential regional organisation.
(131 words)
12. The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to
challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate
your arguments.
Answer. China has already emerged as a super power due to its very large
geographical size, its huge economy, and high rate of growth. It is leading
in technology and military strength and is competing with the USA, which
has a very high trade deficit with China. Chinese companies have huge
investments in infrastructure projects in many African and Asian countries.
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In 2017, China defied the international community by refusing to
comply with an order of International Court of Justice. It has started to
claim international trade and sea lanes as its own and is pressurizing its
smaller Asian neighbours. It is challenging the US military might by
assisting North Korean dictator to develop and test long range missiles.
North Korea claims that it now has missiles targeting all the major cities of
the US.
(135 words)
From 2000, India has been growing consistently at a high rate, but its
economy is one tenth of that of China. In 2017 India attracted more FDI
than any other country. Inia is extending the benefits of development to all
its neighbours, and sharing satellite, other facilities, special concessions.
India has emerged as a major soft power in Information Technology. Indian
companies have many developmental projects in Africa and Asia. But
unlike China, India has no ambitions to threaten any other country through
its growing military might.
(88 words)
13. The Peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and
strengthening of regional economic organisations. Justify this statement.
Answer. Economic growth is the best means of providing employment and
ensuring national development. Regional economic organisations are
formed to cooperate in increasing regional trade and commerce because
they share similar geographical and climatic conditions. Their share of
history, social practices and culture is also similar. Proximity to one another
reduces transportation costs of trade. This makes their cooperation more
profitable. As people of countries in a region interact increasingly through
economic activities, the chances of war or territorial disputes get reduced.
This establishes peace in addition to prosperity brought about by economic
cooperation. Therefore, regional economic organisations need to strengthen
their understanding and cooperation in their own national interest.
(110 words)
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14. Identify the contentious issues between China and India. How could
these be resolved for greater cooperation? Give your suggestions.
Answer. The biggest issue between China and India is the disputed
international border along the Himalayas. Indian Territory in Arunachal
Pradesh and parts of Askai Chin in Leh, are claimed by China. For both
these territories, the war of 1962 was fought.
Prior to 1950 India did not have any direct border with China. India’s
border was with Tibet. Historical friendly relations with Tibet did not
involve any disputes with Tibet. China beyond Tibet and was important for
trade only. India’s attempt to establish friendly relations on basis of
‘Panchsheel’ ended with Chinese attack of 1962. Talks to resolve border
issues were initiated in 1981 and 1988.
In a globalized world, India’s relations with China have become economic
and strategic. Both have the highest populations in the world. China has
already emerged as a super power, challenging the United States. India is
the fastest growing economy.
In 2017, India had a 100 days standoff at Doklam in Nepal. China
continues to claim Arunachal Pradesh as its own territory.
(167 words)
List of ASEAN members and Heads of State as in January 2018
The following ten leaders of ASEAN will be chief guests on India’s
Republic Day, 2018:
1. Indonesia’s President Joko Widodo
2. Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
3. Malaysia’s Prime Minister Mohammad Najib bin Tun Adbul
Razak
4. Thailand’s Prime Minister General Prayut Chan-o-cha
5. Myanmar’s State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi
6. The Philippines President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
7. Brunei’s Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah
(wealthiest monarch in the world)
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8. Laos’ Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith
9. Cambodia’s Prime Minister Hun Sen (PM since 1985: one of
the longest serving)
10. Vietnam’s Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc (first visit as PM)
List of 28 members of European Union
Map of European Union Countries
1. Austria (1995)
2. Belgium (1958)
3. Bulgaria (2007)
4. Croatia (2013)
5. Cyprus (2004)
6. Czech Republic (2004)
7. Denmark (1973)
8. Estonia (2004)
9. Finland (1995)
10. France (1958)
11. Germany (1958)
12. Greece (1981)
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13. Hungary (2004)
14. Ireland (1973)
15. Italy (1958)
16. Latvia (2004)
17. Lithuania (2004)
18. Luxembourg (1958)
19. Malta (2004)
20. Netherlands (1958)
21. Poland (2004)
22. Portugal (1986)
23. Romania (2007)
24. Slovakia (2004)
25. Slovenia (2004)
26. Spain (1986)
27. Sweden (1995)
28. United Kingdom (1973)
Please note that it is an international norm to list countries in alphabetical order. In
documents of Government of India, also, all the States are listed in alphabetical
order.