Chapter 4

• I. Freehold Society in New EnglandA. Farm Families, Women’s Place

– Women Subordinate– Labor crucial– Small farms = – Employment

Chapter 4

• I. Freehold Society in New England

• B. Farm Property – Inheritance

– Whole communities of independent property owners

Chapter 4

– II. Middle Atlantic • A. Economic Growth and Social Inequality

– “groundleases”

– Wealthy Agriculturalists emerge

II. The Middle AtlanticA. Economic Growth and Social

Inequality

• Climate/Environment

• Land leases granted to tenants – social ladder difficult o climb

• Society increasingly stratified with influx of poor and growth of wheat trade

II. The Middle AtlanticB. Cultural Diversity

• Patchwork of ethnically and religiously diverse

• Germans

• Irish

II. The Middle AtlanticC. Religious Identity and Political

Conflict

• Germans/Scotch Irish conflict with Quakers– Indian Policy

– Separation of Church and State

– Political Power

III. Enlightenment and Great Awakening

A. Enlightenment in America

• Many believed Divine Intervention and God’s Will

• Enlightenment thinkers disagree

• Deism

III. Enlightenment and Great Awakening

B. Pietism and the Great Awakening

• Pietism – From Germany 1720’s

• Lower Classes

• Emphasized pious behavior, emotion and a mystical union with God

• George Whitfield transforms meeting into “Great Awakening”

• “New Light”

III. Enlightenment and Great Awakening

C. Religious upheaval in the North

• “New Light” vs. “Old Light”• Women• Undermined traditional churches• Stressed individual sense of religious

authority• Founding of• Princeton, Rutgers, Columbia, Brown• Intellectual Legacy

III. Enlightenment and Great Awakening

D.

IV. The Midcentury ChallengeA. French and Indian Conflict

• Ohio Co. obtain Royal Grant in Ohio River valley

• Native Resistance• French Set up forts• Washington

• British dispatch forces

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin representatives representatives fromfrom New England, NY, MD, PA New England, NY, MD, PA

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

IV. The Midcentury ChallengeA. French and Indian Conflict

• 1755 – Fort Beausejour (Nova Scotia)

• Fort Duquesne

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

IV. The Midcentury ChallengeB . Great War for Empire

• 1756 – 7 Years War

• William Pitt – cripple France by attacking Colonies

• Fall of Quebec

• Treaty of Paris, 1763

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

IV. The Midcentury ChallengeB . Great War for Empire

Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763

Proclamation of 1763

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

IV. The Midcentury ChallengeC. British Economic Growth and Consumer Revolution

• British Industrial Revolution

• 1st “consumer” revolution

• Many bought with credit, after war many fell into debt

IV. The Midcentury ChallengeD. Land Conflicts

• Growth of Colonial population = conflict over land

• Powerful won these conflicts = begin to look more like Europe

• Pressure to move west – (safety valve?)

IV. The Midcentury ChallengeE. Western Uprisings

• Creates new disputes over Indian Policy, representation and Debt

• Paxton Boys, Regulators

• Response of British?

Because of fertile land and a long growing season,

plantations in the thirteen colonies developed in

(1) New England

(2) the Middle Atlantic region

(3) the South

(4) the upper Mississippi River valley

What would be the best title for this map?

(1) British Domination of the Americas

(2) Colonial Trade Routes(3) Spanish Colonies in

the New World(4) The United States in

1750

• Jamestown, founded in 1607• Plymouth colony, founded in 1620• New Amsterdam, founded in 1625These early colonial settlements were similar inthat each was located(1) at the base of a mountain range(2) near the coastline(3) in an arid climate(4) on offshore islands

The French and Indian War(Seven Years War)

• England and Colonies fight French and Natives over the Ohio River Valley (valuable fur trade)

• Final war in a series of war between French and English

• Starts out bad for English/Colonies – France 1 govt., Colonies 13

Albany Plan of Union• Benjamin Franklin foresaw this

dilemma before F&I war. Proposed a single institution to govern all of the British colonies in America.

• He failed, but he planted seed of future union.

• Inspiration from Iroquois Confederacy?

Treaty of Paris, 1763

• England defeats France and France loses all land on mainland North America – keep a few islands

• War cost English treasury vast amounts of money

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

2 views of war

• English

“We fought this war for the colonies, they must help us pay for it”

• Colonial

“This is great, now we can start settling the Ohio River Valley”

• When colonists began crossing Appalachian Mountains for furs, they fell under attack by native tribes.

Proclamation Line of 1763

• England declares colonists cannot cross over Appalachians – for their own good.

• Colonists are angry!

• In response to the public outcry in England, the English government also begins enforcing the tax laws and trade restrictions on Colonies.