Chapter 4 section 1 Governing the Colonies. Chapter 4 section 1 Magna Carta.
Chapter 4 (1)
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CHAPTER 4ETHERNET BASICS
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Ethernet HistoryDeveloped to replace “Sneakernet"Originally developed in 1973 by Xerox Corp. for internal computer networksStayed an internal technology until 1979IEEE 802.3
Coaxial10Mbps
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Ethernet Basic Concept
Ethernet quirks due to early design decisions:
“Shared Cable” conceptData frames with MAC addressCSMA/CD
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The Ethernet Topology
Early Ethernet based on bus topology
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The Ethernet Topology
Ethernet still operates in a logical bus topology regardless of physical topologyIn the early 1990s the bus gave way to the hubHub is multi-port repeater
“Bus in a box”
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Ethernet FramesRecall from chapter 2 that frames are packages of data defined in the datalink layer of the OSI modelEthernet frame:
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CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (with) Collision Detection
Carrier SenseMultiple AccessCollision Detection
Collision Domain
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Early Ethernet Networks:A History Lesson
IEEE 802.3 “Ethernet” standard:10baseT
10MbpsbasebandTwisted pair
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Physical vs. Logical Topology
Physical:
How the cables are connectedLogical:
How the data flowsEthernet is now a Logical bus and a physical starWas it always like this? How was it different?
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Physical components of Ethernet
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)Ethernet requires CAT3 or higher & RJ-45 ConnectorCabling made up of 4 pairsEach Pair has a color & color with white stripe
Orange, Green, Blue, BrownWrapped in an outer sheath that has NO shielding (unshielded)
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Cable Termination4 Pairs, but what order?Where the cable meets the connector is explicitly defined by:
TIA/EIA 568A & 568B
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Transmission ModesHalf Duplex
NIC can only transmit OR receive at one timeThink of a walkie talkie
Full Duplex
NIC can transmit AND receive at the same timeThink of a telephone
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Fiber-optic Ethernet
10baseFL10Mbpsbasebandfiber-optic
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Fiber vs. Copper Comparison
10BaseT 10BaseFL
Speed 10Mbps 10Mbps
Signal Type Baseband Baseband
Max. Distance 100 Meters 2000 Meters
Node Limit 1024 Nodes 1024 Nodes
Topology Star-Bus Star-Bus
Cable Type CAT3 UTP Multimode Fiber
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Fiber vs. Copper Comparison
10BaseT 10BaseFL
Speed 10Mbps 10Mbps
Signal Type Baseband Baseband
Max. Distance 100 Meters 2000 Meters
Node Limit 1024 Nodes 1024 Nodes
Topology Star-Bus Star-Bus
Cable Type CAT3 UTP Multimode Fiber
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Connecting Ethernet Segments
Hubs replace the bus cable very early onHubs have limited port counts
That’s a good thing2 types of ports on a hub
RegularUplink(usually only one)
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Crossing OverTIA 568B specifies how to terminate both ends of a cable to make a “straight-through” cableTIA 568B on one end and 568A on the other makes a “crossover” cable
Reverses the send/receive pairs to allow direct connection between to devicesCan take the place of the uplink port on hubs
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The Path to SwitchingRepeaters
Extend the range of the networkHubs
Think of them as “multi-port repeaters”Bridges
Think of them as “filtering repeaters”Switches
A whole other level of networking
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SwitchesThe problem with hubs
They have no intelligenceShared bandwidth10Mbps / 10 clients = 1Mbps
Switches offer intelligence and thus more bandwidth
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SwitchesSwitches look like hubs but that’s where the similarities end.Hub: repeats all traffic to all portsSwitch: only sends traffic to the port connecting to the recipient’s NIC
SAT (Source Address Table)Directory of who is connected to what port
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SwitchesProblems with SAT and connecting switchesNetwork “Loops” can bring down the networkSpanning tree was developed to solve this
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Spanning Tree Protocol
Spanning tree directs switch to shut down (block) the duplicate path