Chapter 39Chapter 39

The Stalemated SeventiesThe Stalemated Seventies

1968-19801968-1980

StagflationStagflation

Stagflation economy (stagnant economy Stagflation economy (stagnant economy and inflation)and inflation) Nixon attempted tax Nixon attempted tax increases and budget cutsincreases and budget cuts– Deficit spendingDeficit spending– Japan and West Germany= industrial producers Japan and West Germany= industrial producers

outpacing USoutpacing US– Larger labor market, less jobsLarger labor market, less jobs– Embargo on oil by OPECEmbargo on oil by OPEC– Shifting to post industrial economyShifting to post industrial economy

Nixon took US off gold standardNixon took US off gold standard

VietnamizationVietnamization

Vietnamization= Nixon’s plan for Vietnamization= Nixon’s plan for warwar “peace with honor” “peace with honor”

Support from the Silent MajoritySupport from the Silent Majority My Lai massacre= outraged public at My Lai massacre= outraged public at

horrors and cover-up horrors and cover-up April 30, 1970: bombing raids and April 30, 1970: bombing raids and

invasion into Cambodia= riots at invasion into Cambodia= riots at collegescolleges– Kent State May 4, 1970Kent State May 4, 1970– Jackson State University May 14, 1970Jackson State University May 14, 1970

VietnamizationVietnamization

Congress responded to escalation by Congress responded to escalation by repealing the Tonkin Gulf Resolutionrepealing the Tonkin Gulf Resolution

The Pentagon PapersThe Pentagon Papers leaked to leaked to media June 1971media June 1971

2626thth amendment passed 1971 amendment passed 1971

DétenteDétente

Henry Kissinger= policy of realpolitikHenry Kissinger= policy of realpolitik Realistically, can’t deny mainland China!Realistically, can’t deny mainland China! Promoted a policy of détentePromoted a policy of détente 1972: Nixon “opened China”1972: Nixon “opened China” Met with Leonid Brezhnev in USSR in Met with Leonid Brezhnev in USSR in

19721972 SALT I Treaty and ABM treaty to ease SALT I Treaty and ABM treaty to ease

Cold War tensionsCold War tensions

Reaction to Warren CourtReaction to Warren Court

Liberal Warren Court= judicial activismLiberal Warren Court= judicial activism– Griswold vs. Connecticut 1965Griswold vs. Connecticut 1965– NY Times vs. Sullivan 1964NY Times vs. Sullivan 1964– Baker vs. Carr 1962Baker vs. Carr 1962– Limits on religion in schools, rights for Limits on religion in schools, rights for

accused expanded (Miranda Warning)accused expanded (Miranda Warning) Reaction by Nixon (conservative)= 4 Reaction by Nixon (conservative)= 4

new justicesnew justices Burger Court (Roe vs. Burger Court (Roe vs. Wade!)Wade!)

EnvironmentalismEnvironmentalism

Silent SpringSilent Spring by Rachel Carson by Rachel Carson 1962= ban on DDT1962= ban on DDT

Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency 19701970

Clean Air Act 1970Clean Air Act 1970 Endangered Species Act 1973Endangered Species Act 1973

1972 Election1972 Election

Democrats= George McGovern Democrats= George McGovern (withdrawal from Vietnam within 90 (withdrawal from Vietnam within 90 days)days)

Republicans= Richard NixonRepublicans= Richard Nixon Southern StrategySouthern Strategy At Paris Peace Conference days At Paris Peace Conference days

before election, Kissinger= “peace is before election, Kissinger= “peace is at hand”at hand”

WatergateWatergate Balance of power skewed toward Balance of power skewed toward

presidentpresident The President’s Men- win at any costThe President’s Men- win at any cost June 17, 1972 break in at Democratic June 17, 1972 break in at Democratic

headquarters at Watergate complexheadquarters at Watergate complex– PlumbersPlumbers– Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP)Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP)

Bob Woodward and Carl BernsteinBob Woodward and Carl Bernstein Testimony to Congress= release the Testimony to Congress= release the

tapes!tapes!

WatergateWatergate

Saturday Night Massacre- Special Saturday Night Massacre- Special Prosecutor Cox ordered tapesProsecutor Cox ordered tapes

VP Spiro Agnew resigned (bribes as VP Spiro Agnew resigned (bribes as governor of Maryland)governor of Maryland)

2525thth amendment= Gerald Ford amendment= Gerald Ford confirmed as new Vice Presidentconfirmed as new Vice President

War Powers ActWar Powers Act

1973: bombing raids on Cambodia!1973: bombing raids on Cambodia! Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot after Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot after

Cambodian Civil WarCambodian Civil War War Powers Act November 1973War Powers Act November 1973

WatergateWatergate

President’s Men= indicted March 1974President’s Men= indicted March 1974 Nixon= tapes are executive privilege!Nixon= tapes are executive privilege! Supreme Court ordered release of Supreme Court ordered release of

tapestapes implicated president in break implicated president in break in and cover up by FBIin and cover up by FBI

August 8, 1974: Nixon resignedAugust 8, 1974: Nixon resigned Gerald Ford assumed presidency Gerald Ford assumed presidency (appointed)(appointed)– Nixon pardoned by FordNixon pardoned by Ford

End to VietnamEnd to Vietnam

War between North and South War between North and South Vietnam continued to 1975Vietnam continued to 1975

Military aid to South Vietnam ended Military aid to South Vietnam ended as North advanced on Saigonas North advanced on Saigon

Evacuation April 29, 1975Evacuation April 29, 1975 Lasting effects: 58,000 KIA, 365,000 Lasting effects: 58,000 KIA, 365,000

wounded, “baby killers”, PTSD, wounded, “baby killers”, PTSD, suicide for veteranssuicide for veterans

The Last Days of SaigonThe Last Days of SaigonViolence often attended the frantic American evacuation from Vietnam in 1975.

FeminismFeminism 22ndnd wave Feminism= Betty Friedan wave Feminism= Betty Friedan

(NOW) and Gloria Steinem (Ms. (NOW) and Gloria Steinem (Ms. Magazine)Magazine)

Title IX 1972Title IX 1972 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 1972Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 1972

stalled by conservatives (Phyllis Shlafly)stalled by conservatives (Phyllis Shlafly) Supreme Court challenged sex Supreme Court challenged sex

discrimination in legislation and discrimination in legislation and employmentemployment

Roe vs. Wade 1973Roe vs. Wade 1973 Conservative backlash against feminismConservative backlash against feminism

A multiethnic and multiracial group of women, accompanied by noted “second-wave” feminists Bella Abzug (in hat) and Betty Friedan (far right), helped to carry a torch from Seneca Falls, New York,

birthplace of the feminist movement, to Houston, Texas, site of the National Women’s Conference.

Antifeminist Phyllis Schlafly (b. 1924)Antifeminist Phyllis Schlafly (b. 1924)Schlafly traveled the country promoting her “STOP ERA” campaign. She argued that ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment would undermine the American family by violating “the right of a wife to be supported by her husband,” requiring women to serve in combat, and legalizing homosexual marriage.

MinoritiesMinorities

Busing to end de facto segregationBusing to end de facto segregation limited by Milliken vs. Bradley 1974limited by Milliken vs. Bradley 1974

Regents of University of California vs. Regents of University of California vs. Bakke 1978Bakke 1978 Affirmative Action Affirmative Action

American Indian Movement (AIM)- American Indian Movement (AIM)- civil disobedience and media to civil disobedience and media to promote messagepromote message– Standoff at Wounded Knee, seizure of Standoff at Wounded Knee, seizure of

Alcatraz and Bureau of Indian AffairsAlcatraz and Bureau of Indian Affairs

Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter

1976 Election: Ford (Republican) vs. 1976 Election: Ford (Republican) vs. Carter (Democrat)Carter (Democrat) Washington Washington outsideroutsider

Camp David Accords 1978 between Camp David Accords 1978 between Egypt and IsraelEgypt and Israel

Carter presidency= rising inflation Carter presidency= rising inflation (13% by 1979), oil prices, interest (13% by 1979), oil prices, interest rates, deficits= economic problemsrates, deficits= economic problems

Celebrating the Camp David Agreement, September 1978Anwar Sadat of Egypt (left) and Menachem Begin of Israel (right) join U.S. president Jimmy Carter in

confirming the historic accord that brought the hope of peace to the war-torn Middle East.

Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter

1979: Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran (anti-1979: Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran (anti-US)US) Iranian oil shut down, OPEC Iranian oil shut down, OPEC ↑ ↑ pricesprices

Carter= Malaise speechCarter= Malaise speech SALT II treaty with Brezhnev in 1979SALT II treaty with Brezhnev in 1979

not ratified because of Afghanistan not ratified because of Afghanistan invasioninvasion

Americans at embassy in Teheran taken Americans at embassy in Teheran taken hostage November 1979 for 444 dayshostage November 1979 for 444 days

Two-Way SALT TalksThe grim specter of nuclear holocaust haunted the SALT II talks between

President Carter and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in Vienna in June 1979.

Iranians Denounce President Jimmy Carter, November 1979Scenes like this one appeared almost nightly on American television during the 444 days of the Iranian hostage crisis,

humiliating Carter and angering American citizens.